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10ME  GEOGRAPHY 
OR  PRIMARY  GRADES 


HAROLD  W- FAIRBANKS 


HOME  GEOGRAPHY 


FOR 


PRIMARY  GRADES 


BY 

HAROLD  W.  FAIRBANKS,  Ph.D. 
Author  of  ''Stories  of  Our  Mother  Earth/^  etc. 


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]-:i)UCATI()XAL    I'L'l^LISMIXG    COM  PAW 
BOSTON 

Xiw   \"i)kK.  Chuai.i)  Sax    Fk\\\i.--ci) 


COPVRICHI  KD    BY 

EDUCATIONAL    PUBLISHING   COMPANY 

1902 


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CONTENTS. 


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The  Eartli  Upon  Which  W'c  Live 

The  Soil 

1  [ow  the  Soil  is  Made     . 
What  Plants  Need 
The  Seasons 


Mow  the  Seasons  Affect  Plants  and 
Three  Forms  of  Water   . 
Where  the  Water  Comes  h^rom    . 
The  Wind       .... 
The  Clouds  .... 

Springs  .... 

hL\-er\'thing  has  Weight 
Water  W(M'ks  lor  Us 
The  Surface  of  the  Lantl 
The  Ocean     .... 
The  Work  of  the  Ocean 
How  the  Ri\-er  made  the  \'alle)- 
The  .Summer  Stream 
What  is  Climate  ?> 
What  We  Learned  b\'  Climl:)ing  a  Mountain 
Slor}'  of  a  Mountain 
Something  about  Lakes 
What  Rocks  are  Made  of 
\\  hei'e  Minei'als  are  i'^ound 
The  hdiahitants  of  the  Water 
1  he  Spi'outing  Seed    . 
Where  the  h'lowers  (^irow 


Animals 


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4  CONTENTS. 

Some  Common  Trees           .          .          .          .          .          .  .          137 

Something  about  the  Birds      .           .          .           .           .  .          .143 

Something  about  the  Wild  Animals     .           .           .           .  .           147 

Homes  of  the  Animals             .          .          .          .          .  .          .154 

Our  Homes         ........  .          160 

How  People  Used  to  Travel              .          .          .          .  .          .167 

Traveling  To-Day       .          .          .          .          .          .          .  .          171 

Occupations            .          .          .          .          .          .          .  .          .177 

Trade  and  Commerce           .          .          .          .          .          .  .           181 

Hunting  and  Fishing      .          .          .          .          .          .  .          .185 

Farming     .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          ,  .          189 

Stock  Raising         .          .          .          .          .          .          ,  .          .194 

Lumbering          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          ,  .          199 

The  Countr}'  Store  ........      206 

Something  about  a  Cit}'      .......  209 

The  Making  of  Sugar     .          .          .          .          .          .  .          .213 

What  the  Cow  Furnishes  Us        .           .           .          .           .  .          218 

The  Stor}'  of  the  Silkworm      .          .          .          .          .  .          .221 

The  Home  in  the  Desert     .           .           .           .           .           .  .          226 

The  Home  b\-  the  Ocean         .           .           .           .           .  .          .229 

What  is  a  Map?  ........  233 


INTRODUCTION. 

Too  much  has  been  expected  of  young  children  in  the  study  of 
geography.  Many  of  the  so-called  primary  geographies  are  really 
not  primary.  They  present  a  multitude  of  facts  the  most  of  which 
are  be\^ond  the  power  of  the  child  to  comprehend  f)r  retain. 

Childhood  is  a  period  of  actixe  memory,  but  this  is  no  reason 
why  we  should  attempt  to  cram  the  mind  with  details  of  geography. 
Facts  themselves  are  of  no  value.  It  is  only  in  their  relations  that 
they  become  significant. 

For  the  child  of  ten  }-ears  it  is  not  sufficient  that  facts  be  pre- 
sented in  their  relations,  but  that  these  relations  be  such  as  will 
arouse  interest  through  connection  with  the  child's  own  exj)eriences. 

To  expect  a  child  in  the  fourth  grade  to  draw  a  map  of  the  state 
in  which  it  lives,  locate  the  principal  rivers,  valleys,  mountains,  bays, 
cities,  and  name  and  locate  the  counties,  is  wrong.  Parrot-like 
memorizing  of  such  facts,  at  that  age,  can  result  onl\-  in  harm.  The 
facts  mean  nothing  and  create  a  distaste  for  the  work. 

We  must  start  from  home,  from  the  environment  of  the  child. 
We  must  build  upon  what  has  alrcad)'  become  a  part  of  its  life. 
Dctinitions  and  disconnected  facts  cannot  be  assimilated. 

In  the  home  surroundings  we  can  get  the  materials  which,  if 
properlx'  used,  nvdv  be  made  the  basis  for  the  superstructure  in 
geograph}".  The  mintl  expands  as  the  experiences  increase.  What 
the  child  has  seen  and  felt  itself  must  be  the  basis  for  an  increase  oi 
knowledge. 

The  home  is  a  little  world.  \lcvv  in  miniature  arc  the  features 
of  the  great  world  ;)Utsitlc.  The  forms  of  land  and  water,  the  aiiim.iU 
and  plants,  the  occupations   and    industries   of   men    arc   represented. 


(j  INTRODUCTION. 

When   these  arc   understood    in   their   simple  relations   the   child   can 
reach  out  and  take  hold  of  what  he  has  not  seen. 

This  work  must  be  accomplished  chieflx'  throui^d:  the  imas^nna- 
ti(»n,  an  important  factor  in  the  educati*  n  of  children.  In  their  play 
the  piece  of  wood  ma}'  be  a  ship,  and  the  water  in  the  basin  or  pond 
the  ocean.  Let  us  watch  this  natural  reachint^  out  and  then  we  shall 
be  prepared  to  aid  it. 

Interest  is  another  important  factor.  The  wea\-in!^  of  tht,-  new, 
the  unexplored,  with  the  old  and  familiar  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
arouse  the  interest  and  attention  fixes  the  new  as  n<j  other  method 
can. 

If  the  natural  method  is  followed,  the  child-mind  will  grow 
almost  unconsciousl}-,  takini;'  in  and  assimilatinc^  the  materials  of 
knowledc((j,  wlhch  if  present'xl  in  an  artificial  and  uninterestinL,r  man- 
ner, would  re(]uire  laborious  effort  to  fix. 

If  we  use  the  term  natui'e  study  for  the  most  elementar\'  work 
in  L;"eo;4raph\-,  where  the  effort  is  not  so  much  to  impart  information 
as  to  cultivate  clear  and  discriminating^  observational  powers,  then 
the  work  of  the  third  and  fourth  tirades  shcjuld  be  only  an  enlar<4'ed 
and  expanded  nature  studw 

i^ut  wh(;ther  we  call  it  nature  or  gcogra])h\"  stud\-,  we  shoidd 
not  forget  the  chic;f  object  to  be  accomplished. 

in  this  little  book  the  auth(jr  has  attempted  not  to  impart  infor- 
mation as  such,  but  to  get  at  the  meaning  of  phenomena  b\'  showing 
the  relation  existing  between  its  warious  manifestations.  Things 
ha\i:  far  more  intere-^t  attached  to  them  when  we  know  their  hi>tor\- ; 
how  tlu,\-  came  to  b<-  as  thry  are. 

'J  he  child  waul-,  to  know  the  "  wh\-  "  of  what  it  sees,  and  in  the 
exijlauation  of  thi>  "why"  its  imagination  is  de\'el(jped  and  interest 
ariMised  a^  in  no  oilici-  \va\'. 

IlAkoi.i)  W.   h\\iRi;.\.\ivS. 
ilerkdew   i«il.,  Mincli,   i(ji)2. 


THl-:    WOXUERFL'L   WORLD. 

Great,  wide,  beautiful,  wonderful  World 
With  the  wonderful  water  around  you  curled. 
And  the  wonderful  grass  upon  your  breast  — 
World,  you  are  beautifully  dressed. 

The  wonderful  air  is  over  me, 
And  the  wonderful  wind  is  shaking  the  tree, 
It  walks  on  the  water  and  whirls  the  mills. 
And  talks  to  itself  on  the  tops  of  the  hills. 

You,  friendly  Ivirth,  how  far  do  }'ou  go. 

With  the  wheatfields  that  nod  and  the  rivers  that  flow, 

With  cities  and  gardens,  and  cliffs,  and  isles, 

y\nd  people  upf)n  you  for  thousands  (^f  miles? 

—  U\B.  RaruLs. 


HOME  GEOGRAPHY 


THE    EARTH    UPON    WHICH    WE    LIVE. 

We  are  going"  to  learn  about  the  earth  upon 
which  we  Hve.  This  earth  is  made  up  of  many 
things. 

P^irst,  there  is  the  hmd  where  our  homes  are. 
Then  there  is  water,  \\'hich  we  find  in  the  hollows  of 
the  land.  Besides  the  land  and  the  water  there  is 
the  air.  We  cannot  see  the  air,  but  it  surrounds  us 
on  all  sides. 

We  could  not  live  without  land,  water,  and  air. 
The  land  furnishes  us  the  most  of  (n\v  food.  The 
land  is  the  home  of  many  kinds  of  animals  and 
plants.  Some  of  the  animals  live  upon  plants,  others 
eat  the  flesh  of  weaker  animals.  AW'  use  Ijoth  })lants 
and  animals  for  food  and  depend  upon  them  for  our 
clothing'  also. 

Every  living  thing  needs  water.  Man\'  plants 
and  animals  spend  the  whole  ot  their  li\-es  in  the 
water. 

Some   animals   are   fitted   to   niove  through    the 

11 


12  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

air.  We  see  them  flying  here  and  there.  Each 
animal  is  fitted  for  the  place  in  which  we  find  it. 
Fish  swim  in  the  water.  Horses  walk  or  run  upon 
the  land.     Birds  fly  through  the  air. 

The  air  has  many  uses.  It  carries  the  clouds 
from  the  ocean.  The  clouds  make  the  raindrops 
which  water  the  earth.  Where  it  does  not  rain  we 
find  neither  grass  nor  flowers. 

The  land  and  water  are  not  at  all  alike.  We 
can  walk  upon  the  land,  but  we  sink  into  the  water. 

The  top  of  the  water  is  level.  The  surface  of 
the  land  is  uneven.  In  some  places  it  is  so  rough 
that  we  can  hardly  climb  over  it. 

In  the  valleys  between  the  hills  are  the  rippling 
streams.  The  water  of  the  streams  is  running  as 
fast  as  it  can  toward  the  hollows  in  the  land.  In 
the  little  hollows  we  find  lakes  and  ponds  of  water. 
The  oceans  lie  in  the  great  hollows  of  the  land. 
The  pond  in  the  little  hollow  may  be  so  small  that 
you  can  jump  across  it.  The  oceans  are  so  wide 
that  you  cannot  see  the  land  on  the  other  side  of 
them. 

All  over  the  earth  we  find  busy  people.  In  the 
valleys  they  arc  farming.  In  the  mountains  they 
are  digging  for  gold  and  other  minerals.  They  are 
sailing  Ixick  and  forth  upon  the  oceans  carrying 
many  things  from  one  land  to  another. 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY.  13 

In  some  places  there  are  great  cities  where 
many  people  live.  They  are  all  at  work  like  the  ants 
in  their  busy  home.  Some  of  the  people  in  the  cities 
are  doing  one  kind  of  work,  some  are  doing  another. 

Are  you  not  glad  to  live  in  a  world  full  of  so 
many  interesting  things  ?  Do  you  not  want  to  learn 
all  about  it  ?  We  must  not  spend  all  of  our  time  in 
play.  We  will  take  a  part  of  every  day  to  learn  more 
about  the  strange  and  beautiful  things  around  us. 

By  and  by  we  shall  grow  up  and  become  men 
and  women.  Then  we  shall  have  to  work.  The 
more  we  learn  about  the  world  the  easier  our  work 
will  be.     The  world  will  be  our  happy  home. 


ill.k!-,   THE   SOIL   I>    DI.I.P   AM)    RK  II. 


THE    SOIL. 

How  nice  it  is  to  play  in  the  soft  dirt.  The 
wind  also  likes  to  play  with  the  dirt.  It  picks  up 
the  dirt  and  blow\s  it  in  our  faces. 

When  the  rain  plays  with  the  dirt  it  makes 
mud.  How  the  mud  sticks  to  our  feet,  and  leaves 
dirty  tracks  upon  mother's  clean  floor.  The  mud 
soils  our  hands  and  clothes.  Is  there  any  one  who 
does  not  know  how  to  make  mud  pies? 

We  sometimes  wish  there  was  no  dirt.  What 
do  you  suppose  would  happen  if  our  wish  should 
come  true  ?  There  would  be  no  green  fields.  There 
would  be  no  pretty  meadows  with  their  carpet  of 
flowers. 

Perhaps  you  know  what  the  gardener  calls  the 
dirt  in  the  fields.  Did  y(^u  e\'er  hear  him  speak  of 
the  soil?  He  sa}'s  that  plants  will  not  grow  well  if 
the  soil  is  poor. 

Let  us  find  out  what  the  soil  is  made  of.  Run 
out  to  the  i-'arden  and  i>"et  a  handful  of  the  dirt  or  soil. 
It  feels  fine  and  soft  in  our  fingers.  Here  and  there 
we  find  little  hard  grains   and    pieces  of  plant   steins. 

Now    place    the    soil    in    a    l)asin    of    water    ami 

i:. 


16  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

shake  it  well.  The  water  becomes  muddy.  It  looks 
like  the  water  which  you  see  running  down  the  street 
when  it  rains.  Put  your  hand  in  the  basin  and  at 
the  bottom  you  can  feel  something  soft  like  mud. 

Pour  the  muddy  water  out  of  the  basin  into 
another  dish.  Pour  in  more  water  and  again  shake 
the  basin.  Turn  off  the  muddy  water  as  before. 
After  you  have  done  this  a  number  of  times  the  mud 
will  be  gone.     Now  the  water  remains  quite  clear. 

Let  us  see  what  there  is  left  of  the  soil.  There 
in  the  bottom  of  our  basin  is  a  thin  layer  of  sand. 
It  looks  much  like  the  sand  by  the  brook  or  upon 
the  beach,  but  the  grains  are  not  of  the  same  size. 
The  larger  grains  have  sharp  points. 

The  sand  by  the  brook  was  once  mixed  with 
clay.  The  water  as  it  ran  along  finally  washed  the 
clay  away  and  carried  it  down  toward  the  river. 
The  grains  of  sand  were  made  smooth,  so  that  we 
can  find  no  sharp  points  upon  them. 

Let  us  turn  now  to  our  jar  of  muddy  water. 
After  it  has  stood  some  hours  the  water  no  longer 
looks  dirty.  The  fine  particles  of  clay  or  mud  which 
floated  in  the  water  have  settled  to  the  bottom.  The 
clay  feels  ver\'  soft  and  slippery.  There  are  no 
grains  of  sand  in  it. 

Is  there  aiwthing  else  in  the  water  besides  the 
clay?      Yes,   u})()ii   its   surface  there  are    many  little 


HOME    rJEOGHAPHY.  17 

pieces  of  leaves  and  stems  of  plants.  These  are  soft 
and  crumble  if  we  try  to  pick  them  up. 

We  have  found  three  things  in  the  soil.  There 
is  first  the  sand,  which  feels  hard  and  gritty  when  we 
rub  it  in  our  fingers.  Then  there  is  the  clay  in 
which  we  can  feel  no  grit.  When  the  clay  dries  it 
crumbles  to  a  fine  powder,  and  looks  like  the  dust  in 
the  road.  Last  of  all  there  are  the  little  pieces  of 
plants. 

Some  kinds  of  soil  contain  much  sand  and  little 
clay.     Others  are  formed  mostly  of  clay. 

Would  you  not  like  to  know  how  the  soil  is 
made  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

What  is  meant  b}'  poor  soil  and  rich  soil? 

What  is  it  in  the  soil  which  makes  it  sticky  when  wet? 

Will  plants  grow  in  clean  sand? 

Do  all  plants  like  the  same  kind  of  soil? 

What  do  }-ou  think  makes  the  soil  dark?  What  is  the  color  of 
the  plant  stems  which  you  find  in  the  soil? 

What  is  dust? 

Pour  water  on  some  sand  and  also  on  some  cla\'.  Into  which 
does  it  sink  faster? 

What  becomes  uf  plants  when  thc\'  die? 

Is  the  soil  in  )-our  s^arden  dark  colored  or  li<jjlit? 

What  is  sand  used  for? 


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A    TRKF.    l'R\IN(;    RmK-    AI'AKT. 


HOW    THE    SOIL    IS    MADE. 


How  is  the  soil  made?  Where  does  it  come 
from  ? 

W^c  c;in  learn  something  about  the  soil  if  we 
watch  the  men  who  are  grading  a  road  through  the 
hill.  Some  of  the  men  are  drivimr  horses  hitched  to 
great  sho\'els  on  wheels.  The  horses  pull  the  shovels 
over  the  ground  and  scrape  off  the  soft  dirt.  This  top 
dirt  we  call  the  soil.  It  is  dark  in  color  and  full  of 
grass  roots  and  pieces  of  lea\-es  and  stems  of  plants. 

18 


HOMK    GE()(;RAPIIY.  19 

Below  the  dark  soil  the  men  find  the  ground 
harder.  Some  of  them  are  using"  picks  to  loosen  it. 
A  little  deeper  the  ground  becomes  so  hard  that  they 
can  no  Ioniser  pick  it. 

Then  they  bring"  long"  iron  rods  called  drills,  and 
make  holes  in  this  hard  ground.  They  put  powder 
into  the  holes  and  explode  it.  The  ground  is  blown 
into  pieces  which  can  be  shovelled  up  and  drawn 
aw^av. 

This  hard  ground  is  called  rock.  Soil  is  made 
from  rock.  We  ha\e  already  seen  that  where  the 
men  are  working  the  soil  forms  onlv  a  thin  la\'er  on 
the  top  of  the  ground.  As  they  dig  deeper  the  soil 
soon  disappears  and  rock  takes  its  place.  If  \'ou 
dig  a  hole  in  the  ground  an\'where  you  will  at  last 
come  to  rock.  In  some  places  the  soil  is  very 
deep. 

Here  is  a  piece  of  rock  which  the  men  have 
l)lasted  out.  How  bright  and  clean  it  is  !  There  are 
sharp  corners  upon  it  which  ma\'  scratch  }'our  fingers. 
How  strange  it  is  that  rock  like  this  can  change 
to  soil. 

\\\.  will  take  a  piece  of  the  rock  and  pound  it 
to  dust.  \\'h\'  cannot  we  call  this  pounded  rock,  soil  ? 
It  does  not  look  like  the  dark  soil  which  the  men 
found  on  the  to})  ot  the  ground. 

Let  us   plant   some   seeds   in    a   pot   of   tlic   dust 


20  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

which  we  made  by  pounding  the  piece  of  rock.  We 
will  also  plant  some  in  a  pot  of  the  dark  soil.  In 
this  way  we  can  learn  how  our  pounded  rock  differs 
from  the  soil  which  Nature  made. 

In  a  few  days  the  seeds  sprout,  and  for  a  time  the 
tiny  blades  in  one  pot  look  just  like  those  in  the 
other.  Then  a  change  comes.  The  little  plants  in 
the  pot  of  rock  dust  almost  cease  to  grow.  They 
lose  their  bright  green  color.  The  plants  in  the 
other  pot  keep  on  growing.  This  is  because  the 
dark  soil  is  full  of  food  all  ready  for  the  plant  to  use, 
while  the  rock  dust  has  but  little  food  ready  for  the 
little  roots  to  take  up. 

We  have  disco\xred  now  that  the  soil  is  son^ie- 
thing  more  than  rock  dust.  Nature  makes  the  soil 
from  the  rock  in  a  \'ery  different  way. 

A  long  time  ago  there  was  no  soil  covering  the 
rocks.  Do  you  think  we  could  have  lived  upon  the 
earth  then  ? 

I^Or  many  years  the  sun  shone  upon  the  rocks, 
and  e\'ery  dav  they  became  ([uite  warm.  At  night 
when  the  sun  was  gone  they  grew  cold.  The  little 
grains  of  which  the  rocks  are  made  became  larger 
when  they  were  warm  and  crowded  each  other. 
When  it  was  cold  they  shrank  away  from  each  other. 
In  this  \va\'  little  cracks  were  made. 

Rain  fell  in. on  the  rocks  and  ran  into  the  cracks. 


IIOM?:    rxEOGHAI'HY. 


21 


At  last  the  rocks  began  to  soften  and  cruml^le  into 
little  pieces.  In  this  way  a  layer  of  soil  commenced. 
Little  plants  sent  their  roots  into  the  soil  as  vvell  as 
tlie  tiny  cracks.  The  soil  was  poor  and  did  not  give 
the  plant   much   food,  but  after  a  long  time  things 


ROCK?  Wn'H    NO   COVF.RINC.    nV   Soli, 


were  different.  When  the  pieces  of  rock  had  crum- 
bled very  fine  and  pieces  of  lea\es  and  plant  stems 
became  mixed  \\ith  it,  and  man\'  little  animals  had 
made  their  homes  in  it,  thei'c  was  fornied  the  dark 
rich  soil. 

()iii"  picture  shows  another  wa\'  in  which  soj^    is 


22 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


formed.      In   it  you   can   see  the  bank  of   a   stream. 
Perhaps  you  have  visited  one  just  like  it. 

The  bank  is  made  of  pebbles  and  sand.  These 
were  washed  here  by  the  water  a  long  time  ago.  At 
the  top  of  the  bank  you  can  see  a  dark  layer  of  soil. 


A'J-    THK   TDl'  OF   THK    HANK    IS   A    DARK    I.AVKR    dl    RK 11    SOIL. 

Vou  can  also  sec  the  roots  of  the  plants  reaching 
down  into  the  soil.  The  dark  layer  at  the  top  is  rich 
in  plant  tood.  Tlic  sand  and  pel^bles  below  can 
furnish  very  little  food. 

d  here  are   niany  animals  \\-hich   help  form   the 
soil.      The  ground  scnnrrels  burrow  in   the  earth  and 


HOME    GEOGRAPHV.  23 

make  it  loose.  There  are  also  the  earthworms  who 
work  the  ground  over  and  make  it  richer. 

In  every  pinch  of  soil  there  are  still  other  little 
living  things.  They  are  so  small  that  you  cannot 
see  them.  Each  one  is  doing  what  it  can  to  change 
the  little  grains  of  rock  into  soil. 

Now  we  have  seen  how  Nature  makes  the  soil. 


OL'ESTIOXS. 

Where  have  \-ou  seen  solid  rock  beneath  the  soil? 

IIa\e  you  seen  men  dii^  a  well?  Was  the  ground  soft  on  the 
top? 

Ha\'e  }'ou  e\-er  found  a  piece  of  crunibhui^  rock?  Could  \'ou 
break  it  in  \-our  hands? 

Get  a  smooth  pebble  and  try  to  break  it  with  a  hammer.  Does 
it  break  easil\-  ? 

If  }'ou  have  been  in  the  mountains,  \'ou  can  tell  us  s(jmethinq; 
about  the  rocks  \'ou  saw  there. 

h'ind  a  bank  where  \-ou  can  see  the  roots  of  ])lants  reachiuL;' 
down  into  the  soil.      What  do  \'ou  find  luider  the  soil? 

I  low  deep  do  roots  of  plants  i^o  into  the  gi'ound? 

\\  hat  do  earthworms  feed  upon  ? 

Mention  some  of  the  animals  that  li\'e  in  the  ground.  Mow  do 
these  animals  help  make  the  soil  better? 

What  makes  rocks  crumble? 

What  does  the  farmer  do  to  the  soil  before  he  plants  hi:-  seed? 


\\Hi  i;i'.  I  1    RAINS  A  (;kj;\  L- 


])KAL. 


WHAT    PLANTS    NEED. 

There  are  three  thing's  which  phmts  nuist  have. 
These  are  soil,  water,  and  sunshine. 

We  have  already  learned  what  soil  is  and  how  it 
is  made.  When  the  little  seed  falls  where  there  is 
not  much  soil  it  has  a  hard  time  to  grow.  If  the 
rain  waters  it  and  the  sun  shines  upon  it  the  seed 
begins  to  swell  and  soon  sends  out  a  tiny  shoot. 
This  tries  to  push  its  way  down  into  the  ground,  but 
if  there  is  no  soil  the  young  plant  dies  in  a  short 
time. 

The  soil  is  deep  and  rich  in  the  \'alley.  This  is 
the  reason  that  we  find  the  largest  trees  there.  The 
farmer  who  lives  in  the  valley  raises  a  larger  crop  of 
wheat  than  the  one  \vho  lives  upon  the  hill. 

Upon  the  hills  the  soil  is  often  very  thin.  In 
some  places  the  rocks  may  stick  up  through  the  soil. 
Plants  do  not  love  the  rocks,  tor  they  cannot  get  food 
from  them. 

When  the  summer  comes  the  plants  U])()n  the 
hills  where  the  soil  is  shallow  (lr\-  up  and  turn 
x'ellow.  Shallow  soil  cannot  hold  water  \'er\'  long. 
The  plants  in  the  vallev  can    reach   their   roots   deep. 


26 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


There  are  no  rocks  to  stop  them   and  down   they  go 
until  they  get  where  the  ground  is  moist. 


i^x.. 


^.^N-■  ^  >^."?k 


WHKRK    VKKV    l.ITTI.K    RAIN    FALLS. 

Phints  need  water  more  than  they  do  soil  with 
food  in  it.  If  the  soil  is  poor  some  of  them  will 
manage  to  grow.  If  there  is  no  water  they  will  all 
die.  If  you  forget  to  water  the  plants  in  )'()ur 
window  )'ou  w  ill  soon  see  by  their  wilted  leaxes  how 
thirsty  the\'  arc.  IIa\-e  \()U  seen  the  plants  in  the 
field  droop  upon  a  hot  summer  da\' ?  This  is 
because  the  sun  and  air  are  takim*'  so  much  water 
from  the  groun'i  lliat  the  plants  soon  begin  to  suffer. 


HOME    GKOGKAI'IIY.  27 

A  desert  is  a  place  where  there  is  little  or  no 
water.  In  some  deserts  there  are  no  plants  to  be 
seen.  In  others  there  are  a  few  plants  that  have 
become  used  to  living  with  only  a  very  little  water. 

If  it  should  rain  in  the  desert  the  barren 
stretches  of  sand  and  clay  would  soon  be  covered 
with  plants.  This  shows  us  that  plants  can  g-et 
along  without  rich  soil,  but  they  must  ha\'e  water. 
Some  plants  will  grow  in  pure  sand  if  they  have 
plentv  of  water. 

There  is  another  thing  that  most  plants  need. 
This  is  sunshine.  Have  you  seen  potatoes  sprouting 
in  the  cellar  where  it  is  dark?  The  little  stems  are 
slender  and  pale.  If  there  is  a  window  near  the\' 
reach  out  toward  it.  They  try  hard  to  get  \vliere 
there  is  sunshine. 

People  need  sunshine  as  well  as  the  plants. 
Miners  who  Avork  underground  au'a\^  from  the  sun  are 
alwaws  pale.      \'ou  ne\'er  see  them    with   ros\'  cheeks. 

Did  you  ever  think  how  miich  \'ou  are  like  a 
little  plant?  If  \'ou  ha\'e  plent\'  to  eat  and  lots  of 
sunshine  \'ou  will  s^'row  last  and  become  sti'()n<''. 
The  little  })lant  that  has  plent\'  of  light  and  deep, 
moist  soil  is  strong  and  happ\. 

M(\st  i^lants  (\i)  not  L;r()\\'  during  the  whole 
)"ear.  In  the  spring  and  summer  the\' do  their  W(Mk. 
In  the  winter  thc\'  rest,      brom  this  wc  see  that  nl,iiii> 


28  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

need  something  more  than  soil,  water,  and  sunshine. 
They  must  also  have  warm  weather  in  order  to  grow. 
Perhaps  you  live  where  it  is  warm  in  winter. 
Roses  and  oranges  are  blossoming  out  of  doors. 
Do  plants  ever  rest  where  it  is  warm  all  of  the  time  ? 
Watch  some  of  them  and  you  will  soon  find  out. 

H(0\\'    THE    ROSE    CAMK. 

A  little  brown  seed  in  the  i^arden, 

Asleep  under  the  white  snow, 
A  snnbeani  that  came  in  the  springtime, 

Some  raindrops  that  helped  it  to  grow, 
A  rose  bush,  and  then  a  wee  rosebud, 

With  petals  that  softl\'  unclose, 
A  perfume  that's  sweeter  than  hone}-, 

And  there  in  the  sunshine  —  a  rose. 

—  Charlotte  Lay  Di'i^'cj'. 

gu]-:sTioxs. 

Mention  the  things  which  plants  need. 

Do  }-ou  know  wh\'  the  soil  is  deeper  in  the  \'alle\'? 

Docs  the  water  carr\'  awa\'  an\- of  the  soil  from  the  hills  when  it 
rains  ? 

(  )f  what  use  are  the  roc^ts  to  plants? 

What  hc)lds  treis  from  falling  when  the  wind  bknvs? 

If  it  should  rain  in  the  desert,  would  the  countrx'  look  different? 

ila\-e  )'ou  e\er  >ren  ])lants  growing  in  water  and  without  soil? 

I  )o  all  plants  need  sunshine? 

Haw  }'ou  seen  aii_\-  fh)wers  that  close  in  the  night  and  open  in 
the  sunshine  ? 

What  is  it  that  -;-    ■<  the  ros\-  chrc-k  to  the  apple? 


'UMMF.R,  IN  IHK  SHADK  oK  THK  OAKS. 


THE    SEASONS. 


What  is  it  that  looks  in  at  \-oiir  window  in  the 
morning?  W^hat  brings  the  lii^'ht,  and  wakes  up  the 
little  birds,  and  opens  the  lowers? 

It  is  the  sun  that  makes  the  day  brii^ht.  AMien 
the  sun  has  gone  the  dark  comes.  Then  we  rest 
until  another  morning.  The  sun  is  the  life  of  the 
world.      It    warms    the    air    and    makes    ex'erx'thiuL!' 


gro 


w 


All    days    are    not     alike.       Some    are    warmer 


30  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

than  others.  In  the  summer  the  sun  climbs  higher 
in  the  sky  than  in  the  winter.  The  higher  the  sun 
is  the  more  heat  we  get  from  it.  This  is  the  reason 
that  summer  is  hotter  than  w^inter. 

Drive  a  stick  into  the  ground.  Now  watch  the 
shadow  which  the  sun  makes  it  throw  upon  the 
ground.  The  shadow  will  be  long  in  the  morning 
and  evening.  When  the  shadow  is  shortest  the  sun 
has  reached  its  highest  point  in  the  sky.  It  is  then 
noon. 

At  noon  in  the  summer  the  sun  is  almost  over- 
head. The  sun  feels  hot  and  the  shadow  of  the  stick 
is  very  short.  The  sun  is  not  as  high  at  noon  in 
the  winter.  The  days  are  not  so  warm  and  the 
shadow  is  much  longer. 

If  vou  w^atch  the  shadow  of  the  stick  for  a 
number  of  days  you  can  tell  whether  summer  or 
winter  is  coming.  If  the  shadow  is  a  little  shorter 
at  noon  each  day  the  sun  is  getting  higher  in  the 
sky.     That  means  that  summer  is  coming. 

When  the  shadow  is  very  short  at  noon  you 
may  know  that  it  is  summer.  The  days  are  long 
and  the  air  becomes  very  warm. 

It  is  so  warm  that  the  cattle  go  into  the  shade. 
The  birds  stop  singing.  Even  the  boys  and  girls 
forget  to  play. 

After  a  time  it  is  not  so  warm.      The  sun  does 


HO  MR    fiP^OGKAPHY. 


31 


not  climb  so  high  in  the  sky.  The  farmer  gathers 
in  the  corn.  The  apples  are  picked  and  put  in  the 
cellar.     This  is  the  beginning  of  fall. 

Soon  Jack   Frost  comes  at  night   and   touches 


the  leaves.  We  see  them  dropping  from  the  trees 
all  through  the  day.  Now  the  air  is  very  pleasant. 
The  shadow  of  our  stick  continues  to  grow 
longer  day  by  day.  Now  it  is  winter.  The  trees 
are  bare  and  Nature  seems  to  have  gone  to  sleep. 
The    farther   north    we   go    tlie    colder    we    find    the 


32 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY, 


weather.  There  is  snow  and  ice,  and  people  have  to 
build  warm  fires  to  keep  from  freezing.  The  sun 
comes  up  late  in  the  morning  and  looks  down  upon 
the  earth  for  only  a  little  time  each  day. 


A   TROPK  Al.    -(  I,\F. 


Toward  the  south  it  does  not  c^et  so  cold.  The 
sun  there  docs  not  sink  so  low  in  the  sky  and  his 
heat  keeps  Jack  Frost  away.  In  the  south  the  win- 
ter is  the  pleasantest  part  of  the  year.  The  oranges 
arc  ripe  and  tlowci-s  are  all  around. 


HOME    CJEOGRAl'llV.  3;5 

x\fter  winter  comes  spring-.  The  sun  a<^'-.-iin 
climbs  higher  in  the  sky.  The  days  become  warmer. 
The  animals  come  out  of  their  holes.  The  trees  and 
plants  put  out  their  leaves  and  fragrant  blossoms. 
The  birds  return  and  fill  the  air  with  their  music. 

There  are  four  seasons  in  each  year,  winter, 
spring,  summer  and  fall.  The  time  from  one  winter 
to  another  is  called  a  year. 

We  think  that  each  season  as  it  comes  is  the 
nicest.     Wc  are  glad   that  the  days  are  not  all  alike. 

gui':sTioxs. 

Tell  all  the  signs  of  spring  tliat  x'on  know. 

How  do  }'ou  know  wlu'n  it  is  fall? 

\\  hat  time  of  the  \"ear  ai^e  tlie  nights  tlie  longest? 

\\'h\'  does  it  become  cold  when  the  sun  goes  dnwn? 

Does  the  sun  alwa\'s  rise  in  the  same  place? 

MentidU  some  trees  that  do  not  drop  their  leaves  in  the  fall. 

Mention  some  of  the  mils  that  are  ri[)e  in  the  fall. 

When  does  the  snow  fall? 

What  time  of  the  \-eai'  ai'e  the  da\'s  the  longest? 

What  sea-on  -'s  the  earth  th.e  prettiest? 

In  which  direction  does  the  sun  rise? 


HOW    IHH     SEASONS    AFFECT 
AND    ANIMALS. 


PLANTS 


Wc  have  found  that  phints  need  food,  water, 
and  sunshine.      Phints  get  their  food  from  the  soil. 

Animals  need  food  and  water,  and  the  most  of 
them    love  sunlii^ht,    but  there  are  some  that    hide 


u 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY.  35 

away  from  it.  Many  of  the  animals  get  their  food 
from  phmts,  but  some  feed  upon  other  animals  that 
they  can  kill. 

Everything  that  lives  has  its  time  to  rest  and 
sleep.  When  do  you  suppose  that  time  is?  Can  it 
be  in  the  winter  or  in  the  summer,  or  is  it  at  night? 
If  you  said  any  one  of  these,  you  would  be  partly 
right. 

Most  plants  and  some  of  the  animals  sleep  a 
part  of  each  year.  The  time  which  they  take  to 
sleep  depends  upon  the  climate  of  the  place  in  which 
they  live.  The  most  of  the  animals  sleep  a  part  of 
each  day  or  night.  Plants  do  not  grow  as  fast  at 
night  as  they  do  in  the  daylight. 

In  cold  countries  plants  sleep  in  the  winter. 
We  know  they  are  going  to  sleep  when  their  leaxes 
begin  to  fall.  When  the  cold  winter  comes  they 
stand  so  bare  that  they  look  as  though  they  were 
dead. 

When  the  trees  begin  to  feel  the  warmer  days 
of  spring  the  sap  starts  again  from  their  roots.  It 
goes  up  the  trunk  of  the  tree  and  into  each  tiny 
branch.  The  waiting  buds  soon  commence  to  swell. 
Almost  before  we  know  it  the  trees  are  again  dressed 
in  green. 

The  children  all  know  that  spring  has  come 
when   thev  can   find   the  puss\'  willows.      The  willow 


36  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

is  one  of  the  first  trees  to  wake  up  and  open  its  little 
blossoms. 

Alanv  plants  do  not  live  through  the  winter. 
Each  spring  a  new  plant  grows  from  the  little  seed. 
\'ery  soon  we  see  it  blossom.  When  it  is  fall  and 
the  cooler  weather  drives  away  the  summer,  the  seeds 
are  ripe  and  the  first  frosts  kill  the  mother  plant. 

In  warm  countries  plants  sleep  during  the  dry 
season.  If  summer  is  the  dry  season,  then  they 
grow  in  the  winter.  Such  a  country  is  green  and 
beautiful  in  the  winter.  In  summer  the  ground 
becomes  drv  and  the  whole  world  seems  dead. 

There  are  many  animals  that  crawl  into  their 
holes  and  go  to  sleep  when  fall  comes.  They  do  not 
mo\-e  until  spring  wakes  them,  dhe  first  warm 
dav  brings  them  out  of  their  ^^•inter  home.  The 
earth,  the  A\-atcr  and  the  air  are  full  of  life,  where  a 
little  time  l)ef()re  e\'er\thing  seemed  dead. 

E\'er\-  plant  and  e\'ery  animal  is  suited  to  the 
place  in  which  \()u  find  it  li\'ing.  It  you  carr\'  an 
animal  or  plant  aWcU^  from  its  home  ^'OU  must  gi\'e 
It  a  new  home  much  like  the  old  one.  If  \ou  do  not 
it  will  (lie.  T^ie  animals  in  the  cold  north  cannot 
stand  the  heat  of  the  south.  A  plant  which  is  used 
to  ha\"ing  a  great  deal  of  water  will  not  li\'e  ^\■here 
there  i^  little  water. 

The  birds  <'  :  not  sta\'  in   one   place  through   the 


HOME    GKOGHAPHY.  37 

year.  When  winter  comes  they  go  toward  the  south. 
In  the  spring  they  return  to  their  northern  homes 
where  they  make  their  nests  and  raise  the  young 
birds. 

People  do  not  move  back  and  forth  as  the 
seasons  change.  They  put  on  warmer  ch^thing  for 
the  winter,  and  store  up  food  to  eat.  Some  animals 
do  the  same.  Their  hair  grows  longer  and  thicker 
and  thus  they  are  protected  from  the  cold. 


QUESTIONS. 

Mention  some  trees  that  drop  their  leaves  in  the  fall. 

What  trees  keep  their  leaves  througli  the  whole  year. 

Mention  some  plants  that  die  in  the  fall. 

Do  you  know  an\'  plants  that  ne\'er  rest? 

What  makes  the  plant  bei^in  to  grow  in  the  spring? 

What  is  the  sap?      Where  do  the  roots  get  it? 

Can  the  tree  grow  when  the  grcnmd  is  dry? 

What  effect  does  frost  ha\e  upon  the  garden  plants? 

Do  \-ou  know  any  animals  that  store  up  food  for  the  winter? 

What  docs  the  bear  do  when  winter  comes? 

Did  \"<)U  e\'er  find  a  snake  or  lizard  in  its  winter  home?  How 
did  it  act  \\  lu  n  \"ou  disturbed  it? 

l"'ind  a  lizard  some  coltl  morning  and  place  it  in  the  sun,  and 
see  what  it  will  d(i. 

What  time  of  the  }-ear  do  \'ou  see  the  wild  ducks  cuul  geese? 

What  becomes  of  the  birds  in  the  winter? 


S]\i,\H.\    FALLS    IX    WINJER. 


THREE    FORMS    OF    WATER. 

We  have  seen  that  water  is  necessary  to  the  life 
of  plants  and  animals.  Now  let  us  try  to  find  out 
something  about  the  properties  of  water. 

There  are  three  different  forms  which  water 
takes.  Each  is  very  unlike  the  others.  They  are 
so  unlike  that  if  we  had  not  seen  one  change  into 
another  we  should  hardly  believe  that  they  were 
different  forms  of  the  same  thing. 

There  is  first  the  common  form.  You  all  know 
this  one,  it  is  the  water  which  we  drink.  If  we  go 
far  enough  in  anv  direction  we  come  to  water.  It 
forms  all  the  streams  and  lakes  as  well  as  the  great 
oceans.  There  is  more  water  than  anything  else 
upon  the  surface  of  our  earth. 

Water  is  a  liquid.  Bv  licjuid  we  mean  some- 
thing that  can  be  poured.  \W^  take  a  cup  of  water 
and  pour  it  into  a  basin.  It  takes  the  shape  of  the 
hollow  in  the  dish  that  holds  it.  A  solid  does  not 
act  in  this  wax.      It  keeps  its  shape. 

Water  is  not  the  onh'  licpiid.  ddiere  arc  man\' 
others.  \W^  ha\'e  manv  substances  which  torni 
solids   at   the   ordinarx'   temperature.    l)ut    it    the^"   are 


4U  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

placed  in  a  very  hot  place  they  become  liquid.  The 
heavy  mineral  we  call  lead  is  a  solid.  It  is  useful, 
in  making  water  pipes  and  shot.  If  we  heat  lead  it 
melts  easily  and  becomes  a  liquid.  It  can  then  be 
poured  like  water. 

There  is  another  form  of  water  called  steam  or 
vapor.  When  water  is  heated  it  changes  to  steam. 
The  particles  of  water  forming  the  steam  are  so 
small  that  if  you  could  look  into  an  engine  boiler 
you  could  not  see  them.  When  the  steam  comes 
out  of  the  engine  into  the  cool  air  the  little  particles 
run  together  and  form  others  large  enough  so  that 
they  can  be  seen.  Now  we  have  a  dense  w^hite  cloud 
about  the  engine. 

When  water  is  changed  to  steam  it  takes  up 
very  much  more  room  than  it  did  before.  Each  of 
the  tiny  particles  of  water  in  the  steam  is  very  warm. 
It  wants  lots  of  room.  Each  one  pushes  against  his 
neighbors  as  hard  as  he  can.  This  is  why  the  lid  of 
the  tea-kettle  jumps  up  and  down. 

When  steam  is  shut  up  tight  we  can  make  it 
work  for  us.  The  little  particles  push  with  such 
strength  that  they  can  make  the  w^heels  of  a  heavy 
engine  turn  around,  and  draw^  a  long  line  of  loaded 
cars. 

There  are  tiny  water  particles  all  about  us  in 
the   air.      llic)'  arc   in\'isible   except  when   they   turn 


HOME    (JKOORAPHY.  41 

into   clouds   or   fog.     At    night   they  form    the   dew 
which  makes  the  grass  so  wet. 

The  third  form  of  w^ater  is  ice.  When  water 
becomes  very  cold  it  turns  to  a  solid  substance 
which  we  call  ice.  We  all  know  how  clear  and 
smooth  ice  is.  W^e  cool  our  water  with  it  upon  hot 
summer  days,  and  in  winter  we  skate  over  its  slip- 
pery surface.  The  children  of  warm  climates  do  not 
know  the  pleasure  of  skating.  WHicre  do  you 
suppose  the  ice  comes  from  that  is  used  where  it  is 
never  cold  enough  to  freeze  water? 

\W^  call  ice  frozen  water.  When  the  air 
becomes  warm  the  ice  begins  to  melt.  In  a  little 
time  a  cake  of  solid  ice  will  change  to  water. 

When  water  freezes  it  wants  a  little  more  room 
than  it  did  before.  This  is  why  your  pitcher  is 
broken  when  the  water  in  it  freezes. 

Hailstones  are  frozen  raindrops.  The  drops  of 
water  falling  through  the  air  sometimes  become  so 
cold  that  the}'  turn  to  ice. 

Can  ycm  tell  what  the  pretty  snowflakes  are 
made  of?  They  are  frozen  clouds.  They  fall  \-ery 
genth'  and  make  ex'crything  pure  and  white.  Iiach 
flake  has  six  sides  or  })oints  like  a  star. 

If  you  li\e  in  the  South  and  have  ne\'er  seen 
the  snowflakes  get  your  papa  to  take  you  to  the 
mountains  when  the  winter  storms  come. 


42 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


SNOW  CRYSTALS. 


QUESTIONS. 


Mention  some  other  liquids  besides  water. 

How  is  a  solid  different  from  a  liquid? 

What  makes  water  boil  ? 

What  are  the  little  bubbles  in  boiling  water  formed  of? 

How  do  clouds  differ  from  steam? 

Mention  some  solids  which  can  be  melted. 

Can  you  think  of  any  other  vapor  besides  steam  ? 

Burn  a  sulphur  match  and  you  get  a  smell  of  sulphur.  Can 
you  see  the  sulphur  particles  in  the  air? 

In  warm  countries  water  does  not  freeze.  Where  do  they  get 
the  ice  which  is  used? 

Is  ice  lighter  or  heavier  than  water? 

What  is  the  difference  between  snow  and  hail? 

Does  it  ever  snow  where  you  live?  Why  does  it  snow  upon 
the  mountains  more  often  than  in  the  valleys? 


SNOW   CRYSTALS. 


THE   OCEAN 


WHERE    THE    WATER  COMES    EROM. 


Day  and  night  the  brook  ripples  over  the 
pebbles.  It  never  gets  tired  and  ne\'er  stops.  Did 
you  ever  wonder  where  the  water  ot  the  brook  eomes 
from,  and  where  it  is  going  ? 

Let  us  follow  up  the  brook  and  see  where 
it  starts.  Back  into  the  hills  we  nuist  go.  \W' 
lea\'e  the  meadows  and  the  pretty  \-allev.  Ep  we 
climl)  until  the  slopes  become  steep  and  the  ])rook 
dashes  from  rock  to  rock.  Still  smaller  l)r()oks 
join    here    and    there,    but    ^\  e    follow    up    the    main 

4:' 


44  HOME    GEOGRAFHr. 

one  until  at  last  we  find  where  the  stream 
starts.  Under  a  mossy  bank  there  is  a  clear 
spring-.  The  water  comes  bubbling  up  out  of  the 
ground  and  runs  singing  away  down  through  the 
hills. 

If  you  want  to  know  where  the  water  of  the 
spring  comes  from  you  must  ask  the  raindrops.  If 
we  can  find  the  home  of  the  raindrops  we  shall  find 
where  all  the  water  comes  from. 

We  are  sure  that  the  raindrops  are  the  source 
of  the  spring,  for  in  the  desert,  where  it  does  not  rain, 
there  are  no  springs. 

It  does  not  rain  when  the  sky  is  clear.  The 
drops  of  water  come  from  the  clouds  which  come 
up  and  hide  the  blue  sky.  Where  do  the  clouds 
come  from  ?  We  will  follow  them  back  to  where 
they  start.  We  pass  over  valleys  and  hills,  and  at 
last  find  ourselves  far  out  over  the  ocean. 

1  he  ocean  is  the  home  of  the  clouds.  The 
ocean  stretches  farther  than  we  can  see.  It  covers 
three  fourths  of  the  surface  of  our  earth.  From 
over  it  all  the  little  water  particles  are  rising  day  by 
(lay.  When  they  get  up  where  it  is  colder  we  can 
see  them.      Now  we  call  them  clouds. 

I  low  do  \\(j  know  that  water  particles  are  rising 
from  the  water  into  the  air.  We  set  a  basin  of  water 
out  doors  and  after  a  few  days  the  water  has  disap- 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY.  45 

peared.  It  could  get  away  only  by  going  off  in  the 
air. 

We  cannot  see  the  water  particles  leave  the 
basin,  but  if  we  watch  a  pond  of  water  wdien  the  air 
becomes  cool  at  night  we  shall  learn  something 
about  it. 

Sometimes  you  will  see  a  thin  cloud  or  mist 
rising  from  the  water.  You  can  see  the  mist  only 
when  the  water  is  warm  and  the  air  is  cool.  You 
remember  that  steam  from  the  engine  boiler  Ijecomes 
visil)le  when  it  comes  out  into  the  air  because  the 
air  is  so  much  cooler. 

The  mist  rising  and  hanging  over  the  pond  is 
made  of  water  particles.  On  cold  mornings  you  can 
see  them  in  your  breath.  How  often  you  have 
pulled  \'our  breath  out  and  plax'ed  that  vou  were  a 
steam  engine.  Your  breath  contains  these  water 
particles  all  of  the  time,  but  they  can  be  seen  onlv 
when  the  air  is  cool. 

1  he  most  of  the  water  particles  in  the  clouds 
start  upon  their  journey  fi-om  the  ocean  ;  foi-  the 
ocean,  you  know,  contains  the  larger  pai"t  of  the 
water  upon  our  earth.  The  winds  blow  across  the 
ocean  and  o\'er  the  land.  They  carr\'  the  water 
particles,  or  x'apor,  with  them.  Wdien  the\'  reach  a 
regic^n  of  colder  air  the\'  form  great  masses  oi  clouds. 
At   last    the  little   particles   of  wnter    unite    to   foru; 


46  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

drops.  These  are  so  heavy  that  they  cannot  remain 
in  the  air  any  longer  and  so  fall  to  the  ground. 

Some  of  the  water  sinks  into  the  ground.  This 
makes  the  cool  springs.  The  rest  runs  away  on  the 
top  of  the  ground.  It  becomes  dirty  and  forms  the 
muddy  rills  which  we  see  during  a  rain  storm. 

All  over  the  world  streams  of  water  are  hurrying 
to  the  ocean.  If  the  water  never  came  back  the 
ocean  would  by  and  by  become  dry,  just  as  our  basin 
did. 

If  there  were  no  clouds  the  water  would  soon 
all  gather  in  the  ocean.  The  dry  land  woidd  become 
a  desert  and  nothing  could  live  upon  it. 

So  the  water  is  always  traveling  from  the  earth 
to  the  sky  and  back  again.  The  same  particles 
never  go  in  the  same  place  twice.  They  are  always 
seeing  new  places  and  meeting  new  people. 

The  water  in  the  ocean  is  useful  to  us.  It  bears 
the  ships  from  one  part  of  the  earth  to  another.  In 
the  sky  it  forms  the  clouds  which  furnish  the  refresh- 
ing rain.  As  cool  springs,  it  satisfies  our  thirst.  At 
last,  as  little  brooks,  it  runs  away  to  join  the  river, 
and  the  river  bears  it  again  to  the  ocean. 


HOME   GEOGKAPHY. 


THE    RAIN. 

When  the  rain  is  over, 

When  the  clouds  have  pass'd, 
And  the  golden  sunshine 

Beams  again  at  last ; 
All  the  earth  is  fairer, 

Every  freshened  flower 
Lifts  its  head  to  answer : 

"Thank  you,  little  shower." 

—  Constance  M.  Lowe. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  time  of  the  year  does  it  rain  the  most? 

Erom  what  direction  does  the  rain  come? 

When  are  the  brooks  the  lowest? 

Would  the  brooks  dry  up  if  no  more  rain  fell? 

Is  spring  water  clear  or  muddy? 

\\  h\'  do  man\"  flowers  grow  about  springs? 

Where  do  the  rivers  empt\'  their  water? 

Wh}'  does  not  the  ocean  fill  up  and  overflow  its  banks? 

Of  what  use  are  rivers? 

Where  does  water  run  the  faster,  up  in  the  hills  (jr  down  in  the 
vallc}-? 

How  do  people  get  water  where  there  are  no  springs  or  running 
streams  ? 


A   STORM   OV   THE   COAST. 


THK    WIND. 


Wliat  is  the  wind  ?  Wc  c;in  feci  the  wind  blow- 
ini^'  upon  oui"  faces.  AVe  can  see  what  the  wind 
does,  l)ut  we  cainiot  see  the  wind  itselt. 

Sometimes  the  \\'ind  ljh)ws  as^^'ainst  us  so 
stron'^lx'  we  can  hardly  stand  up.  The  wind  carries 
oiu'  'hats  down  the  street.  It  tips  (wer  houses  and 
L^rcat  tree's. 

All  about  us  there  is  something  which  we 
can  not  see.  \W'  call  this  the  air.  The  air  keeps 
us  ali\e.  At  e\er\-  breath  our  lunL;'s  are  hlled 
with    it. 

\\du:n    the-   air   m()\-es   we   feel   it   pushing   against 
us.      Wind    is   then    only  the  air  in  motion.      The  air 


HOME    rxEOGRAlMlY.  49 

surrounds  the  whole  earth.  It  is  never  quiet,  but 
is  always  doing  work.  It  makes  the  windmills  go 
around,  and  sends  the  ships  across  the  sea. 

On  a  summer  day  the  wind  cools  our  cheeks 
and  rustles  gently  in  the  trees.  In  the  winter  it  is 
fierce  and  strong.  When  it  blows  very  hard  w^e  say 
there  is  a  storm.  Then  the  air  rushes  swiftly  along 
and  sometimes  does  a  ^reat  deal  of  harm. 

Now  what  is  it  that  makes  the  wind  blow  ? 
You  have  all  sat  by  the  fireplace  and  watched  the 
rtames  roar  up  the  chimney.  The  fire  makes  the  air 
near  it  very  hot.  Hot  air  is  lighter  than  cold  air;  so 
it  tries  to  rise,  and  goes  rushing  up  the  chimney  as 
fast  as  it  can.  Cold  air  comes  c[uickly  to  take  the 
place  of  the  hot  air,  and  this  makes  a  wind  up  the 
chimney.  We  say  the  fire  draw^s  well  when  the  air 
moves  fast.  You  cannot  see  the  air  moving,  but 
hold  a  little  paper  windmill  in  front  of  the  fire-place 
and  it  will  turn  around  as  it  does  in  the  wind  out  of 
doors. 

Winds  blow  over  the  earth  for  the  same  reason 
that  air  draws  up  the  chimney. 

The  sun  shines  upon  the  earth  and  makes  it 
hotter  in  some  places  than  in  others.  Where  the  air 
l)ecomes  hotter  it  rises  faster,  and  the  cool  air  rushes 
along  to  the  place  where  the  hot  air  was.  When 
this  happens  wc  feel  the  wind  blowing. 


50  HOME    GEOGKPAHY. 

The  wind  may  blow  from  any  direction.  The 
north  wind  is  usually  cold.  It  makes  us  shiver  and 
put  on  our  coats. 

The  south  wind  is  warm.  It  brings  the  rain 
and  the  spring  flowers.  The  south  wind  wakens  all 
Nature  from  its  winter  sleep. 

When  clouds  cover  the  sky  and  the  south 
wind  blows,  people  say  that  it  will  rain. 

After  the  rain  the  wind  changes  and  blows 
from  the  north.  It  soon  chases  all  the  clouds  away. 
Now  we  have  fair  weather. 


QUESTIONS. 

Wc  cannot  see  the  air.  How  do  we  know  that  there  is  such  a 
thing:' 

W  liat  time  of  the  \'ear  is  there  the  most  wind? 

What  time  of  the  da\-  does  the  wind  blow  the  least? 

Mention  some  kinds  of  work  done  b\-  the  wind. 

If  the  air  is  hotter  over  the  land,  will  the  air  blow  toward  the 
ocean  or  from  the  ocean? 

Where  do  peo])le  go  in  summer  to  get  cool  breezes? 

W  hat  damage  is  sometimes  don(;  b\'  storms? 

Mention  the  diffei-ent  winds  which  blow  where  you  li\-e. 

\\  hat  is  it  that  makes  wax'es  upon  the  water? 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


51 


THE    WIND. 


I  saw  you  toss  the  kites  on  high 
And  blow  the  birds  about  the  sky; 
And  all  around  I  heard  you  pass, 
Like  ladies'  skirts  across  the  grass- 
O  wind,  a-blowing  all  day  long, 
O  wind,  that  sings  so  loud  a  song! 

I  saw  the  different  things  you  did 
But  always  you  yourself  you  hid, 
I  felt  you  push,  I  heard  you  call. 
I  could  not  see  yourself  at  all  — 
O  wind,  a-blowing  all  day  long, 
0  wind,  that  sings  so  loud  a  song  l 


O  you  that  are  so  strong'  and  cold, 
O  blower,  are  you  yoiirig  or  old  ? 
Are  you  a  beast  of  field  and  tree, 
hild.  than  me? 
all  day  long, 
so  loud  a  song  ! 

—  Stevenson 


■5s-i 


sa^; 


STORM    CLOUDS   \VI  TH     THUNDKR    HKATJS    AHOVE. 


THE    CLOUDS. 

The  dark  clouds  are  coming  up.  They  are 
sweeping  over  the  blue  sky  and  will  soon  hide  it. 
Why  do  you  suppose  they  rush  along  so  swiftly? 
It  is  because  the  wind  is  chasing  them.  It  is  blow- 
ing behind  tliem  and  they  cannot  stop. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  clouds.  Can  you  tell 
us  about  some  of  them  ?  I  am  sure  you  know  the 
storm  clouds.  They  look  dark  and  angry.  Wher- 
ever they  go  they  strew  raindrops  over  the  earth. 
The    farmer    welcomes    them,   for    the    thirsty   land 


homp:  geography.  53 

needs  water.  They  will  make  the  meadows  green 
again. 

The  rain  may  pour  down  from  the  clouds  for 
many  hours.  Sometimes  they  give  us  so  much 
water  that  we  are  afraid  it  will  flood  the  earth.  But 
at  last  the  clouds  seem  to  become  tired.  They  melt 
away  and  let  the  bright  sunshine  down  on  us  again. 

How  thankful  all  Nature  seems  for  the  refresh- 
ing rain.  The  birds  sing  again,  and  everything  is 
bright  and  fresh. 

Who  does  not  love  to  watch  the  thunder  clouds 
upon  a  summer  day?  After  the  sun  has  risen  high 
in  the  sky  and  the  air  becomes  warm,  little  clouds 
appear  here  and  there  in  the  blue  sky.  They  act  as 
if  thev  were  lost,  and  we  wonder  what  they  can  be 
doing,  lliey  keep  growing  larger  and  larger,  and  at 
last  pile  up  in  great  rounded  masses.  The  sky  is, 
at  times,  almost  filled  with  these  to\\'ers  of  white. 

As  we  look  at  these  clouds  we  mi^ht  imaijfine 
that  they  are  hills  and  mountains  far  awav.  Or 
fanc}^  we  can  see  in  their  changing  shapes  the  forms 
of  \'ery  strange  and  \\'onderful  animals. 

At  night  we  love  to  watch  the  flashes  of  light 
that  come  from  the  thunder  heads.  The  lightning 
darts  here  and  there.  Sometimes  we  hear  the 
thunder.  It  sounds  like  a  distant  wasj'on  volliiV'' 
o\'er  the  stones. 


54  HOME    GEOGKAPHY. 

The  fleecy  clouds  are  very  different  from  the 
storm  clouds  and  thunder  clouds.  They  do  not  give 
us  rain.  They  seem  to  have  nothing  to  do.  There 
they  float  so  daintily,  as  if  only  for  us  to  look  at 
them.  They  seem  like  patches  of  cotton  dropped 
across  the  sky.  The  sun  plays  hide  and  seek  among 
them.  Now  the  sun  shines  hot  upon  us,  now  the 
little  clouds  hide  it. 

There  is  another  kind  of  cloud.  I  wonder  if 
you  have  seen  it.  Clouds  of  this  kind  float  high  in 
the  skv,  far  above  all  the  other  clouds.  They  look 
like  dainty  wisps  of  soft  hair.  They  are  called  cirrus 
clouds. 

The  clouds  which  you  have  seen  hanging 
around  the  top  of  a  mountain  form  there  because 
the  air  is  cold.  W^e  have  learned  already  that  cold 
changes  the  little  water  particles  floating  in  the  air 
into  such  form  that  wc  can  see  them. 

When  clouds  come  down  to  the  ground  we 
call  them  fog.  We  do  not  love  the  fog.  It  shuts 
us  in  so  that  we  can  hardly  see  which  way  to  go. 
Watch  the  fog  closely  and  you  will  see  the  little 
water  particles  of  which  it  is  made.  These  hang 
themseh'cs  upon  our  clothes  and  we  soon  feel 
damp. 

1  L'i\c  you  c\"cr  stood  upon  a  hill  far  above  the 
fog?     As   you  look  down  upon  the  fog  it  seems   like 


HOMK    (iKOGKAI'IIY. 


a  great  ocean  of  water.     The  hills  rise  above  the  fog 
like  islands 


Fog  is  quite  useful  in  countries  where  it  does 
not  rain  much.  It  protects  the  ground  and  plants 
from  the  sun  so   that  they  do  not  dry  up  so   (juickh'. 


56 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


THE    RAINDROPS. 


Down  on  the  wide  blue  ocean. 

The  lakes,  and  the  little  streams, 
So  loving,  so  warm,  and   tender, 

The  sun  sent  his  golden  beams, 
That  the  e\'cr  changeful  water 

Grew  warm  and  began  to  be  proud, 
And  longed  to  fly  awa}'  and  away, 

To  be  a  soft  white  cUuid. 
So  some  of  the  drops  grew  very  small. 

As  fine  as  a  fair}-'s  hair, 
As  light  as  a  fairy's  foot-fall, 

Which  is  lighter  than  the  air. 
Then  up,  up,  up  the>-  hurried, 

To  fl}-  was  such  a  delight; 
Tlic\'  cast  not  one  look  backward 

Till  the}-  were  out  of  sight: 
T]k:\-  only  thought  of  the  playtime. 

And  the  rollicking  fun  of  it  all; 


HOME    GE()(iHAlMIV.  57 

And  forcjot  that  true  is  the  saying, 
"  Pride  t^oeth  before  a  fall." 
And  when  they  had  gone  so  ver\'  far, 

That  the  earth  was  out  of  sight, 
The}'  met  a  current  of  ice-cold  air, 

And  it  ga\'e  them  such  a  fright. 
That  they  ran  together  in  little  drops, 

And  clung  to  each  other  tight; 
So  they  tumbled  down  together. 

And  we  had  rain  that  night. 

—  M.  K.  F. 

QUESTIONS. 

From  what  direction  do  the  rain  clouds  come? 

What  wind  brings  fair  weather? 

What  tin-ie  of  the  day  are  there  the  most  thunder  clouds? 

What  makes  the  thunder? 

VVHiat  is  dew?      Frost? 

When  does  the  dew  fall? 

If  \-ou  fill  a  glass  with  cold  water  upon  a  warm  day,  what  ap- 
pears m^on  the  outside  of  the  glass? 

\\  hen  do  \'ou  ha\"e  the  most  fog,  in  the  morning  or  middle  of 
the  da\-:^ 

What  makes  the  fog  disappear? 

What  makes  the  clouds  which  float  about  the  sides  of  the  moun- 
tains ? 

Where  does  the  more  rain  f.dl,  upon  mountains  or  iu  \-alle\'s. 
and  why? 

Tell  somethinij  about  the  clouds  when  \'ou  think  it  will  rain. 


SPRINCxS. 


Hour  after  hour  the  rain  beats  against  the 
window.  Where  can  so  much  water  go  to  ?  Some 
of  it  runs  down  the  street  in  muddy  torrents.  Some 
of  it  soaks  into  the  ground.  You  have  seen  a 
s|)onge  aljsorlj  water.  The  ground  takes  up  water 
in  much  the  same  way. 

.Vfter  tlie  rain  stops  we  find  little  ponds  in  all 
the  hollows.  In  a  few  davs  the  water  is  gone. 
What  do  \-ou  suppose  has  become  of  it?  You  have 
alread)'  learned   tliat  water  particles   are  rising   from 


HOME    GEOGKAIMIV.  59 

the  ocean  all  of  the  time.  They  are  rising-  also  from 
every  pond  of  water.  The  basin  of  water  left  upon 
the  door  step  will  become  dry  if  you  let  it  stand  a 
few  days. 

All  of  the  water  of  the  pond  does  not  change  to 
vapor  in  this  way  and  disappear  in  the  air.  A  part 
slowly  sinks  down  through  the  ground. 

Down,  down  the  water  goes  into  the  soft  soil. 
Finally  it  reaches  the  rock  which  we  have  learned  is 
below  the  soil.  Does  the  water  stop  then  ?  No,  for 
there  are  little  cracks  in  the  rock.  The  water  slowly 
creeps  into  these  cracks  and  so  keeps  on  its  journey 
into  the  earth. 

The  cracks  are  small  and  the  water  goes 
slowly.  Finally  some  of  the  little  cracks  unite 
and  forn  lari^er  ones.  In  the  larger  cracks  the 
water  can  run  faster  and  now  we  have  a  bul)bling 
little  stream.  It  is  far,  far  below  the  ground  on 
which  we  walk. 

Will  the  water  ever  come  out  into  the  sunshine 
again  ?  Let  us  see.  The  land.  )'ou  know,  is  not 
smooth.  There  are  hills  and  \'alle}'s  and  caiicMis. 
As  the  little  streams  how  along  underground  some 
of  them  may  ccmie  to  one  of  these  canons  or  ra\'incs. 
If  a  canon  lies  in  the  path  of  a  little  stream  it  will  all 
at  once  slip  out  through  the  rocks  into  the  blight 
sunlight. 


60  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

In  such  a  place  we  have  a  spring.  The  water 
which  was  muddy  once  is  now  clear.  The  dirt  was 
lost  in  the  long  journey  under  ground.  We  think 
there  is  no  other  water  as  good  as  spring  water. 

The  ferns  and  grasses  love  the  water.  They 
grow  up  and  shade  the  spring  from  the  hot  sun. 
It  is  pleasant  to  think  that  they  do  this  through 
gratitude  for  the  pure  water  given  them. 

Many  of  the  underground  streams  never  find  a 
canon  in  their  path.  They  go  deeper  and  deeper 
into  the  earth.  At  last  they  come  where  the  rocks 
are  very  warm.  The  farther  they  go  the  hotter  the 
rocks  become.  At  last  they  are  hot  enough  to  turn 
a  part  of  the  water  into  steam. 

The  steam  will  not  let  the  water  behind  it  go 
any  farther.  It  pushes  the  water  back  and  makes  it 
How  toward  the  top  of  the  ground  again.  When 
this  water  comes  out  upon  the  top  of  the  ground 
it  forms  a  hot  or  boiling  spring.  You  can  cook  eggs 
or  potatoes  in  such  a  spring.  The  water  of  hot 
springs  is  often  used  as  a  medicine.  This  is  the 
storv  of  the  water  that  w^as  lost  in  the  <>Tound. 

When  people  dig  wells  they  try  to  find  one  of 
these  underground  streams.  They  often  do  find  a 
tiny  stream.  Sometimes  thev  find  one  so  large  that 
they  have  to  climlj  out  of  the  well  very  quickly. 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


61 


QUESTIONS. 


Have  you  ever  seen  a  s[)ring?      Describe  its  appearance. 

W'hicli  does  water  sink  through  quicker,  sand  or  chi}'? 

What  kind  of  soil  is  it  where  ponds  of  water  stand  a  loni^ 

What  makes  the  water  of  some  springs  so  cokl? 

Wliat  do  we  mean  b\'  sa\-ing  spring  water  is  hartl?  \\ 
we  find  in  the  bottom  of  tlic  tea-kettle  after  spring  water  ha 
boiled  in  it  a  long  time? 

What  is  a  mineral  spring? 

Tell  win'  some  spi-ings  have  warm  or  hot  water. 

Do  springs  e\'er  dr\'  up  in  the  summer? 

Describe  a  well. 

How  is  the  water  gotten  out  of  a  wrM  ? 

How  does  a  well  differ  from  a  spring? 

A\  hat  makes  \-ou  tliink  tin.'  rartli  i-<  hot  inside? 

Of  what  use  are  hot  springs? 


tin;e:^ 

hat  do 
s    been 


THK   CRUMBLING   CLIFF. 


EVERYTHING    HAS    WEIGHT. 

We  have  all  seen  a  magnet.  We  have  watched 
it  pick  up  little  pieces  of  iron  and  hold  them  tightly. 

The  great  earth  upon  which  we  live  acts  like  a 
magnet.  It  pulls  everything  toward  itself.  The 
pull  or  attraction  of  the  earth  is  what  makes  things 
have  weight. 

A  piece  of  iron  is  heavy.  You  can  hardly  lift  it 
because  the  earth  pulls  it  strongly.  A  piece  of  wood 
the  same  size  as  the  iron  is  light.  You  can  lift  it 
easily  because  the  earth  does  not  pull  it  so  strongly. 

If  you  throw  a  ball  into  the  air  it  falls  quickly 
to  the  ground.  A  feather  will  fall,  but  not  so  quickly, 
because  the  air  holds  it  up. 

You  tumble  out  of  a  tree  and  are  hurt.  It  is 
the  earth  pulling  you  that  makes  you  strike  the 
ground  so  hard.  The  higher  you  are  in  the  tree  the 
the  more  the  fall  will  hurt. 

How  easy  it  is  to  run  down  hill.  It  is  hard 
work  to  climb  back  up  the  hill.  Idie  earth  is  pulling 
you  down  the  hill.  If  you  stumble  it  may  cause  you 
to  fall. 

If  it  were  not  for  the  pull  of  the  earth  \vc  could 


64  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

not  go  coasting.  If  you  threw  a  ball  in  the  air  it 
would  not  come  back  to  you. 

The  pull  of  the  earth  is  helping  to  teai  down 
the  mountains.  Did  you  ever  think  of  that?  At  the 
foot  of  the  cliffs  there  are  great  fragments  of  rocks 
which  have  fallen  from  above.  If  you  climb  the 
cliff  you  will  find  many  pieces  of  rock  ready  to  fall. 
Push  one  with  your  foot.  Down  it  goes  tumbling 
and  rolling  to  the  bottom. 

It  is  the  pull  of  the  earth  that  makes  water  run 
down  hill.  Look  out  of  the  window  when  it  rains. 
The  little  streams  of  water  are  hurrying  past.  The 
earth  is  pulling  them  and  they  are  trying  to  find  the 
lowest  place.  Perhaps  they  will  have  to  run  many 
miles  before  they  can  rest. 

Here  is  a  hollow  in  the  ground.  Some  of 
the  water  has  found  it  and  formed  a  little  pond. 
Take  a  spade  and  dig  a  ditch  through  the  rim  of 
dirt  which  holds  the  water.  Away  it  goes  through 
the  ditch.  The  earth  is  pulling  it  and  it  cannot 
stay. 

The  earth  pulls  the  balloon  as  it  does  everything 
else,  but  the  balloon  rises  because  it  is  lighter  than 
the  air.  Ducks  can  swim  upon  the  water  because 
they  are  lighter  than  the  water. 

A  stick  floats  upon  the  water,  because  it  is  light, 
but    a    piece  of    lead    drops    to    the    bottom.      It    is 


HOME    GKOGHAIMIY.  Bft 

heavier  than  the  water  and  the  earth  pulls  it  clown 
to  the  bottom. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  would  happen  if  the  earth  stopped   pulHng  things  toward 
itself? 

What  makes  things  feel  hea\y? 

What  is  the  heaviest  thing  }'ou  know? 

W'hich  falls  quicker,  a  feather  or  a  ball?  why? 

WHi}'  will  a  wagon  tip  over  on  a  side  hill? 

What  is  another  name  for  the  pull  of  the  earth? 

W  hy  is  it  dangerous  to  climb  along  rocky  cliffs? 

Does  water  run  on  level  land? 

How  can  }'ou  tell  which  way  the  road  slopes? 

In  what  [)art  of  their  ccnirse  do  streams  run  the  swiftest? 

Why  docs  water  stay  in  a  pond? 

Does  the  earth  pull  children  or  grown  people  the  most? 

How  much  does  the  earth  pull  )ou? 


'IHK    WORK.    OF    RAINDROPS. 


WATER    WORKS    FOR    US. 


\W'  train  horses  to  draw  our  wagons.  We  put 
up  windmills.  The  wind  makes  them  go  round  and 
pump  water  for  the  cattle  to  drink. 

The  sailor  places  sails  upon  his  vessel  and  the 
wind  blows  him  merrily  along.  The  engineer  places 
water  in  a  boiler  and  heats  it  until  it  changes  to 
er, 


HOMK   GKOGRAI'lir.  yy 

steam.  The  steam  makes  the  engine  move  and 
work  for  us. 

Can  you  think  of  any  other  thing  which  we  har- 
ness and  cause  to  work  for  us  ? 

Long  ago  people  did  not  know  that  steam  could 
be  made  to  do  work.  Then  they  used  water  to  make 
their  mills  go  and  grind  the  grain. 

Let  us  look  around  and  see  the  work  which  water 
does.  When  a  raindrop  strikes  your  face  it  hits  a 
tiny  blow.  The  raindrops  wdiich  run  from  the  roof 
dig  a  little  ditch  by  the  side  of  the  house.  When 
thousands  of  little  raindrops  meet  and  travel  together 
they  often  do  a  great  deal  of  work.  Sometimes  we 
wish  that  they  did  not  do  so  much  work. 

As  the  raindrops  rush  along  they  dig  a  deep 
ditch  in  the  soil.  They  do  this  by  carrying  oft'  the 
dirt,  grain  by  grain.  They  become  very  muddy,  but 
they  do  not  seem  to  care. 

Have  you  ever  seen  great  holes  washed  in  the 
road  by  the  torrent  of  raindrops?  People  cannot 
travel  for  a  time.  It  may  take  many  men  several 
days  to  fill  up  the  hole  made  by  the  torrent. 

If  you  live  by  a  river  or  mountain  brook  you 
have  seen  the  water  roll  pebbles  along.  The  river 
sometimes  washes  aw^ay  people's  houses.  It  has 
destroyed  whole  farms. 

The  waves  of  the  ocean   also  do  work.     Thc\' 


68 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


never  become  weary.  They  are  tearing  the  rocks 
down  and  grinding  them  to  pieces.  They  make  the 
sand  which  you  delight  to  play  in. 


ox  THE  OCEAN  SHORE. 


Sometimes  the  waves  throw  great  ships  against 
the  rocks.  They  seem  to  be  happy  in  breaking 
things  in  pieces  and  doing  all  the  harm  they  can. 

How  do  you  suppose  men  harness  the  water 
and  make  it  work?  It  is  a  pleasant  trip  to  the  old 
mill.  There  we  can  learn  more  about  the  work  of 
water,  and  how  water  is  harnessed. 

The   mill   stands   bv  a  little  creek.     Above  the 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


69 


mill  you  will  see  a  pond  of  water  held  by  a  dam. 
The  dam  is  made  by  piling  logs  or  rocks  across  the 
bed  of  the  stream.  The  dam  holds  the  water  back 
so  that  it  cannot  run  along  as  it  used  to  do. 


A    \VA  IKR    WHF.EI 


Upon  one  side  of  the  mill-pond  the  miller  dii^s 
a  ditch.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  ditch  he  places  a 
lan^e  wooden  wheel.  This  is  called  a  \\atcr  wheel. 
When  the  dam  is  full  of  water  the  miller  turns  the 
water  into   the  ditch.     The  water  runs  throus^h   the 


70 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY, 


ditch  and  onto  the  wheel.  The  weight  of  the  water 
makes  the  wheel  turn  around.  The  wheel  makes 
the  mill  go  to  grind  the  grain  or  do  any  other  kind 
of  work.  The  mill  may  weave  cloth.  It  may  make 
electricity  to  give  us  light. 

Mills    are    sometimes    placed  where    there  is  a 
water-fall.     Then  it  is  not  necessary  to  n^ake  a  dam. 


QUESTIONS. 

Mention  some  of  the  things  which  work  for  us. 

Mention   some  of  the  kinds  of  work  which  vou   liave  seen  water 


do. 


What  does  the  river  do  with  the  dirt  which  it  washes  from  its 
banks? 

What  kinds  of  work  does  the  ocean  wa\e  do? 

Describe  a  stream  near  your  home  after  a  liard  rain. 

Teh  how  water  makes  the  water  wheel  turn  around. 

How  are  dams  made  to  h(jld  the  water? 

W  li;it  harmful  kinds  of  wcjrk  does  water  do? 

\\  hat  makes  the  water  come  out  of  the  hx'drant  with  such  force? 

]n  what  kind  of  a  countr\'  will  water  do  the  most  work,  a  hilly 
or  le\'el  one  ? 

Would  there  be  an\'  w<iter-falls  if  there  were  no  hills? 


A   PLAIN. 


THH    SURFACE    OF    THE    LAND. 


Do  you  li\'c  AX'licre  the  land  is  smooth  almost 
as  far  as  you  can  see?  Your  home,  then,  is  upon  a 
plain. 

The  plain  seems  as  le\'el  as  a  floor.  But  is  this 
really  so?  If  the  plain  \\'ere  perfectly  le\'el  the  rain 
which  falls  upon  it  A\ould  not  run  oft".  The  land 
mi<'dit  then  be  flooded. 

Can  the  river  tell  us  anythini.^  about  the  slope 
of  the  land?      Let  us  see.      Stand  upon  the  l)ank  fc^r 


72  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

a  time  and  watch  the  water.  Does  it  stand  still  like 
the  water  in  the  pond  or  does  it  move  ?  Watch  that 
little  stick  upon  the  water  and  you  soon  can  tell. 
See,  the  stick  is  moving.  It  comes  nearer.  It  floats 
in  front  of  you,  and  soon  it  is  out  of  sight. 

This  shows  us  that  the  water  in  the  river  is 
moving.  It  is  flowing  across  the  plain  on  which 
you  live.  The  plain  must  slope  a  little.  The  slope 
is  in  the  direction  in  which  the  river  flows. 

Is  your  home  in  a  valley?  Then  you  live  on 
the  lowland  between  hills  or  mountains.  The  vallev 
is  long  and  narrow  like  a  great  trough,  A  river 
flows  into  the  valley  at  one  end  and  out  at  the  other 
end.  You  can  easily  see  that  the  valley  slopes  in 
the  direction  in  which  the  river  is  flowing.  The 
steeper  slopes  are  upon  the  sides  of  the  valley  where 
the  little  brc^oks  trickle  down  to  the  river. 

Your  home  may  be  far  above  the  valley  and  in 
the  niountains.  Then  there  must  be  rough  rocks 
and  steep  slopes  all  around  your  home.  There  is 
just  enough  smooth  land  upon  which  to  make  a 
little  garden.  Mere  you  have  no  trouble  in  telling 
which  way  the  land  slopes.  ITe  land  is  so  steep 
that  if  you  arc  not  careful  \'ou  will  fall  and  get 
hurt. 

The  water  of  the  mountain  Ijrook  does  not  flow 
(juietly  like  the  ri\cr  in  the  plain.      It  tumbles  noisilv 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


ov^er  the  rocks.      It  will   at  last  join  the  river  by  the 
easiest  path  it  can  find. 

Wherever  we  go  we  shall  find  the  land  sloping 
in  some  direction.     The  broad,  gentle  slopes  we  may 


A   VALLEY. 


call  plains ;  the  open  holh^ws  l)etween  the  hills  or 
mountains  are  vallevs  ;  while  the  deep  gashes  which 
the  ri\'ers  cut  in  the  mountains  are  cafions. 

If  we  follow  the  river  to  its  head  \vc  shall  see 
these  three  different  land  surfaces.  In  its  lower 
course  the  ri\'er  winds    here   and    there  over   a   Ijroad 


74 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


plain.     It  seems  as  if  it  hardly  knew  which  way  it 
wanted  to  go. 

After  passing  the  plain  we  find  hills  beginning 
to  rise  on  either  side  of  the  river.  We  pass  up  the 
valley   which    the    river    follows  between  the    hills. 


A  CAXOX. 

The  land  along  the  river  is   rich  and  we  see  many 
farms. 

After  a  time  the  valley  narrows  and  the  river 
flows    more    swiftly.     At    last  we  come    to  a   place 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY.  75 

where  the  hills  come  close  to  the  river.  There  is  no 
land  between  the  rocky  slopes  and  the  river.  The 
river  rushes  along  between  steep  cliffs  which  almost 
shut  out  the  sun.  Now  we  are  in  a  canon.  We 
follow  the  canon  far  back  into  the  mountains  until  it 
splits  up  into  many  little  ravines.  Each  of  these 
has  been  formed  by  the  waters  of  many  springs. 


OUESTIOXS. 


Describe  the  country  about  }-our  home.  Is  it  a  plain,  a  \'allc\', 
or  a  mountain  on  which  you  Hve? 

Where  do  you  find  swamp)-  places? 

Have  you  seen  the  ri\er  flood  the  low-land  alon<^  its  banks? 

What  makes  the  flood?      Does  it  do  any  harm? 

How  do  you  think  the  valle\-s  were  made? 

Do  )-ou  think  that  water  had  an\-thin<^  to  do  with  making"  the 
valleys?     Why? 

How  does  a  valley  differ  from  a  plain? 

Have  you  ever  been  in  a  caiion  or  ravine?      If  so,  describe  it. 

What  is  the  difference  between  a  hill  and  a  mountain? 

Where  do  the  streams  run  quieth'.  in  the  \'al!e\'  or  hi;j^h  in  the 
mountains? 

Where  do  the  rou<^h  rocks  stick  up  and  form  cliffs  for  waterfalls? 

Is  there  much  lexxl  land  in  the  mountains? 

Where  are  there  the  most  farms,  in  the  valley  or  in  the  moun- 
tains? 

Where  does  the  water  ci  the  river  iio  to? 


THE    OCEAN. 


Where  is  all  the  water  of  the  river  hurrying? 
It  tumbles  over  the  cliffs.  It  dashes  past  the 
rocks. 

The  source  of  the  river  is  in  the  mountains.  It 
is  formed  by  the  little  rills  that  are  forever  fed  by 
the  spring's.  The  rills  unite  as  do  the  branches  upon 
a  tree.     At  last  they  make  the  mighty  river. 

The  river  soon  leaves  the  mountains.  It  flows 
slower,  for  its  bed  is  not  so  steep.  Now  it  rests  in 
quiet  pools  shaded  by  willows.  Now  it  ripples  in 
soft  music  over  its  sandy  l^ed. 

Finally  the  river  reaches  a  broad  plain  through 
which  it  slowly  winds.  It  does  not  want  to  go 
farther.      It  seems   to   know  that  a  little  beyond  the 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


great  ocean  waits  for  it.  The  river  will  soon  be  lost 
in  the  ocean.      Its  work  will  be  done. 

Rivers  are  flowing  into  the  ocean  from  all  the 
land  upon  our  earth.  Would  you  not  thinly  that  by 
and  by  the  ocean  would  fill  up  and  run  over  its 
banks?  Stop  and  think  a  moment.  Have  we  not 
learned  that  water  particles  are  leaving  the  ocean 
every  moment  and  forming  clouds.  The  water  is 
being  lost  from  the  ocean  as  fast  as  it  comes  in. 
This  is  the  reason  it  always  remains  the  same.  The 
water  which  the  clouds  carry  away  at  last  comes 
back  in  the  rivers. 

You  can  now  tell  the  story  of  the  raindrops.  It 
is  a  long  story  from  the  time  they  leave  the  ocean 
until  they  get  back  again. 

The  occcin  contains  something  which  we  put  in 
our  food.  If  you  have  tasted  ocean  water  you  know 
what  this  is.  Place  a  pinch  of  salt  in  a  cup  of 
water.  The  salt  dissc^lves  in  the  water.  It  makes 
the  water  taste  much  like  that  from  the  ocean. 

Let  the  cup  of  water  stand  in  a  warm  place  for 
a  few  days.  The  water  will  go  off  as  vapor.  The 
little  water  particles  will  spread  through  the  air,  but 
you  cannot  see  them.  Is  there  anything  left  in  the 
cup  after  the  water  has  gone?  Yes,  there  in  the 
bottom   is  the  salt  which  we  dissolved   in   the  water. 

The   little   water   particles    when    they   turn    to 


78 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


vapor  can  not  carry  away  the  salt.  This  is  why  the 
clouds  do  not  contain  salt  water.  Would  it  not 
seem  strange  if  the  raindrops  were  salty?  We 
would  think  the  clouds  were  shedding  tears. 


About  three-fourths  of  the  earth  upon  which  we 
live  is  covered  by  the  ocean.  If  there  were  a  little 
more  water  the  oceans  would  cover  nearly  all  the 
land,  llie  fertile  plains  would  be  beneath  the  water. 
There  would  be  left  only  the  mountains  rising  above 
it. 

The  islands  in  the  ocean  are  the  tops  of  moun- 
tains. If  there  were  less  water  in  the  ocean  many 
of  the  islands  would  be  connected  with  the  con- 
tinents. 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY.  79 

Who  can  tell  why  the  ocean  is  where  it  is  ? 
Water,  as  we  have  learned,  runs  into  the  lowest  place 
that  it  can  find.  We  have  also  learned  that  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  is  uneven.  There  are  hills  and 
valleys  and  plains. 

When  the  water  was  formed  it  ran  into  the 
lowest  hollows  upon  the  earth,  and  in  this  way  the 
oceans  were  made. 


QUESTIONS. 

Ha\-e  }'Ou  ever  seen  a  river? 

Tell  us  where  it  conies  from  and  where  it  is  goini^. 

\\'h\-  does  not  the  ocean  fill  up  and  overflow  its  banks? 

Tell  the  stor\'  of  the  raindrops. 

When  docs  the  ocean  lose  the  most  water,  on  a  cold  day  or  on 
a  warm  da}'? 

How^  can  \'ou  show  that  water  is  passing  into  the  air  all  the 
time? 

Of  what  use  is  the  ocean  to  us? 

Is  ocean  water  good  to  drink? 

Where  does  our  salt  come  from?     Can  }'ou  tell  how  it  is  made? 

If  \-ou  put  some  salt  in  a  cup  of  water,  how  can  \-ou  get  the  salt 
again  ? 

Is  your  home  upon  an  island  or  a  continent? 

If  you  ha\'e  ever  seen  an  island,  tell  what  it  is. 

If  there  was  much  more  water  on  the  earth  what  would  happen? 

How  is  the  ocean  different  from  a  lake  or  pond  ? 


THE    WORK    OF    THE    OCEAN. 

Did  you  ever  think  how  much  work  the  ocean 
is  doing?  If  you  have  ever  visited  the  ocean  you 
know  that  it  is  never  quiet.  The  waves  are  always 
beating  against  the  shore  and  sometimes  it  seems 
as  if  they  would  wash  the  solid  land  away. 

The  ocean  is  doing  different  kinds  of  work.  It 
is  like  a  great  animal  that  men  have  harnessed. 
When  it  is  in  a  pleasant  mood  it  carries  the  ships 
safely  upon  long  voyages.  When  it  is  angry  it  often 
hurls  the  ships  against  the  hard  rocks  and  breaks 
them  in  pieces. 

In  many  places  the  waves  of  the  ocean  are 
slowly  tearing  down  the  land.  In  other  places  they 
are  building  up  the  land. 

The  picture  on  the  next  page  shows  a  rough 
and  rocky  part  of  the  coast.  The  waves  whiten  the 
ocean  with  foam  as  they  dash  against  the  cliffs. 
Here  we  can  easily  see  that  they  are  doing  work. 
With  every  storm  the  waves  tear  away  a  little  of 
the  land.  They  are  digging  holes  and  caves.  We 
can  see  them  in  the  picture. 

Where  the  rock  is  soft  the  waves  work  faster 

80 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


81 


and  soon  make  a  little  bay.  The  hard  rocks  wear 
away  slowly  and  after  a  time  they  form  points  of 
land   sticking  out  into   the  water.     Sometimes   the 


'I'HK   WAVF.S   ARE   SLOWLY   TEARIXG    DOWN   THE    LAND. 


waves  wash  around  these  points  of  land  and  make 
islands  of  them.  Many  of  the  little  islands  along 
the  coast  have  been  made  in  this  way. 

How  do  the  waves  work  ?  Have  they  any 
tools?  Let  us  see.  If  we  walk  along  the  base  of 
the  cliffs  at  low  tide  we  find  the  shore  strewn  with 


82  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

rounded  pebbles.  As  each  wave  breaks  and  rolls 
back  into  the  ocean  we  hear  the  pebbles  grinding 
upon   each  other. 

When  the  tide  comes  in  and  the  waves  again 
reach  the  cliffs  they  pick  up  the  pebbles  and  hurl 
them  against  the  rocky  banks.  The}^  keep  doing 
this  day  after  day,  and  do  you  wonder  that  at  last 
they  make  hollows  and  caves  in  the  solid  rock? 

The  larger  pieces  of  rock,  which  are  broken 
from  the  cliffs,  the  waves  leave  upon  the  shore  until 
they  are  smoothly  rounded.  The  little  pieces  they 
carry  far  out,  and,  at  last,  where  the  water  is  quiet, 
let  them  sink  to  the  bottom. 

It  is  in  the  bay  that  the  waves  are  making  land. 
Some  of  the  little  particles  of  rock  from  the  cliffs 
are  washed  into  the  bay.  Others  are  brought  by  the 
river  that  enters  the  bay.  The  waves  make  a  smooth 
beach  of  the  little  grains  of  sand.  It  is  a  beach  on 
which  children  delight  to  play. 

The  grains  of  sand  are  not  left  in  quiet.  The 
waves  keep  turning  them  over  and  over.  Some  of 
the  sand  they  pile  high  enough  for  it  to  dry  out. 
Then  the  wind  takes  hold  of  it  and  builds  sand 
dunes. 

The  sand  which  the  waves  pile  up  along  the 
shore  protects  the  land.  They  can  no  longer  get 
at   it   and   tear   it   down. 


HOME    CIEOGIIAIMIY. 


83 


THE    WAVES   MAKE   A    SMOOTH    BEACH. 

GUI':  STIC  )\S. 

Mention  the  different  kinds  of  work  that  the  oecaii  is  doing. 

Where  do  the  waves  work  the  fastest  ? 

What  are  the  tools  of  the  wa\-es  ? 

What  makes  the  wa\'es  ? 

Where  is  the  waste  put  tliat  the  waxes  take  from  tlie  cHffs? 

Wliat  time  of  tlie  \'ear  is  the  ocean  tlie  most  stornu'? 

Of  what  is  the  beach  made? 

What  does  the  wind  do  with  tlie  sand? 

Tell  how  some  of  the  little  islands  are  made. 

What  other  kinds  of  islands  ha\e  \'ou  learned  about? 


THE   RIVER    MADE   THE   VALLEY. 


HOW    THE    RIVER    MADE    THE    VALLEY. 


The  river  has  much  other  work  to  do  besides 
turning'  water  wheels. 

The  valley  in  which  you  live  was  made  by  the 
river.  It  did  this  by  carrying"  away  little  by  little 
the  particles  of  rock  and  soil  along  its  path.  It  has 
taken  many  years  for  the  river  to  do  the  work.  It 
has  not  finished  yet. 

Let  us  look  at  the  river  after  a  heaw  rain.  The 
stream  is  yellow  and  muddy.  It  has  almost  over- 
flowed its  banks.  Logs  are  floating  by.  Near  us  a 
tree  has  tipped  into  the  river.  The  water  has  torn 
away  the  soil  that  held  its  roots. 


M 


HOME    (iEOGHAPHY. 


85 


Where  does  the  river  g;et  the  mud  whieh  makes 
it  so  dirty?  We  will  take  our  umbrellas  and  go  out 
while  it  is  raining"  to  a  little  ravine.  In  summer 
there    is    no  water    here.      Now  the   bottom    of    the 


THE  WORK   OF   THK   KII.LS. 


ra\'ine  is  covered  with  a  muddy  torrent,      d  he  torrent 
is  hastening  on  to  add  its  share  to  the  river. 

Upon  the  sides  of  the  ra\'ine  the  water  is  at 
work.  The  slopes  are  just  coxercd  with  tin\'  rills. 
Kach  rill  is  as  muddy  as  it  can  be. 


86  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

The  raindrops  when  they  strike  the  ground  pick 
up  little  particles  of  sand  and  clay.  The  clay  makes 
them  dirty,  but  they  do  not  care.  The  sand  they 
cannot  carry  easily  and  so  they  drag  it  along  the 
ground.  When  many  drops  have  united  in  a  rill 
they  are  strong  enough  to  carry  bigger  things. 
Watch  closely  and  you  will  see  what  is  happening. 
The  rill  is  cutting  a  tiny  channel  upon  the  hillside. 
Many  rills  are  doing  the  same  thing,  and  if  you  look 
about,  you  will  see  that  the  sides  of  the  ravine  are 
all  furrowed  in  this  way. 

Thus  the  work  of  tearing  down  the  land  goes 
on.  The  torrent  in  the  bottom  of  the  ravine  into 
which  the  rills  are  flowing  is  hastening  on  to  the 
river.  There  it  will  get  rid  of  its  load  of  mud  and 
sand. 

It  may  be  that  so  many  creeks  full  of  muddy 
water  will  be  more  than  the  river  can  take  care  of. 
The  river  cannot  overflow  its  banks  and  do  much 
harm  when  shut  in  between  the  hills.  But  when  it 
reaches  the  low-land  where  it  is  bordered  by  a  broad 
valley  or  plain  it  may  form  a  flood. 

At  such  times  the  people  in  the  lowlands  are 
afraid  of  the  river.  It  may  spread  over  their  rich 
farms.  1  hen  they  will  have  to  leave  with  their 
cattle  and  goods.  Perhaps  their  houses  will  be 
washed  away. 


iiomp:  geograi'hy. 


The  river  flows  more  slowly  when  it  spreads 
out.  It  cannot  any  longer  carry  all  the  mud  and 
sand  which  the  creeks  and  rills  gave  it.  When  the 
farmer  comes  back  after  the  water  has  gone  down  he 
tinds  that  it  has  left  a  layer  of  mud  over  everything. 
It  is  the  mud  brought  by  the  river  that  makes  the 
bottom  lands  so  rich. 


THE    RIVER    IS    \VASHIN"(;    AWAY    ITS    BANKS. 


The  river  does  not  drop  all  of  its  load  here.  It 
carries  much  of  the  finer  material  into  the  lake  or 
ocean  into  which  it  flows. 

The  river  thus  does  work  in  carrying  dirt  from 
one  place  to  another.  It  is  washing  down  the  hills 
and  filling  up  the  lowlands. 


88  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

We  have  now  seen  how  much  work  the  water 
can  do  in  one  storm.  Do  you  wonder  that  it  has 
done  great  things  in  thousands  of  years?  It  has  cut 
canons  so  deep  that  you  can  hardly  see  the  bottoms 
of  them.  It  has  worn  down  great  mountains  higher 
than  any  which  you  have  ever  seen.  It  has  left  only 
little  hills  in  the  place  of  these  great  mountains. 


QUESTIONS. 

Describe  the  brook  or  ri\'er  after  a  hard  rain. 

Is  the  water  doing  any  work  ? 

Describe  the  work  of  the  raindrops  on  a  hillside. 

Where  will  the  soil  wash  away  faster,  in  a  grassy  field  or  a 
plowed  field? 

Have  you  seen  sand-bars  in  the  river?  Why  did  the  water 
drop  the  sand  there? 

What  time  of  the  year  is  the  ri\'er  doing  the  most  work? 

Give  the  reasons  for  thinking  that  the  river  made  the  valley. 

Where  is  the  land  flooded  when  the  river  is  high? 

When  a  pond  of  muddy  water  dries  up,  what  do  you  find  where 
the  water  stood  ? 

Where  does  the  ri\'er  carr}'  the  dirt  which  the  rills  bring  it? 

When  docs  the  river  do  the  most  work,  when  it  runs  swiftly  or 
slowly  ? 

What  have  you  seen  the  water  do  near  your  home? 


THE   SUMMER   STREAM. 


THE    SUMMHR    STREAM, 


Let  us  \'isit  the  river  upon  a  summer  c]:i\-.  It 
is  no  longer  a  muddy  torrent.  In  fact  the  stream  is 
so  different  that  we  hardly  know  it.  The  clear  water 
ripples  gently.  We  can  see  the  sand  and  pebbles  in 
the  bottom.      Little   fish  are  darting   here  and  there. 

The  river  is  doing  no  work  now.  The  summer 
is  its  resting  time.  There  are  man\'  kinds  of  prettx' 
pebbles  in  the  water.  They  are  almost  as  round  as 
marbles  and  very  smooth. 


90  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

Such  interesting  stories  they  can  tell.  Each 
little  pebble  has  a  different  one.  They  were  once 
pieces  of  rough  rock  in  the  mountains  at  the  head 
of  the  river. 

One  piece  fell  from  a  rocky  cliff  and  rolled  into 
a  dashing  stream.  Another  piece  was  picked  up  by 
a  little  boy  and  thrown  into  a  canon.  A  third  came 
from  a  tunnel  where  miners  were  at  work.  It  rolled 
down  the  mountain  and  into  a  creek. 

As  winter  came  the  little  streams  in  which  the 
pieces  of  rock  lay  were  turned  into  dashing  torrents. 
The  pieces  were  rolled  over  and  over  for  many  days, 
but  when  summer  came  the  water  went  down  and 
they  rested  for  a  while. 

At  last  they  reached  the  main  river.  They 
were  much  changed.  Their  corners  were  gone  and 
they  began  to  look  like  pebbles.  Year  after  year 
the  pieces  of  rock  became  smoother,  and  one  summer 
they  were  dropped  where  you  saw  them.  Another 
winter  they  will  again  be  moving  down  the  river, 
rolling  and  tumbling  along  in  the  muddy  water. 

Place  some  bits  of  rock  in  a  dish  and  shake  it 
for  a  few  moments.  You  will  find  that  the  corners 
of  the  pieces  have  been  rubbed  off  a  little  and  that 
there  is  dust  in  the  bottom. 

Why  is  the  river  water  so  clear  in  the  summer? 
We  can   find  out  by  following  the  river  to  its   head. 


HOMK    GEOGRAl'HY. 


91 


The  river  divides   into  many  little  streams.     At  the 
head  of  each  there  are  clear  springs. 


THE   FAI.I.S   OF   MINXKHAHA. 


Spring  water  has  come  a  long  journey  through 
the  ground.  It  has  lost  all  the  mud  which  it  had 
when  on  the  top  of  the  ground.  The  spring  is 
filtered  rain  water.  If  you  turn  muddy  water  into  a 
filter  it  comes  out  clear.  In  the  filter  there  is  either 
sand  or  rock  full  of  tinv  holes.  Passini^  thr()UL>h 
these  the  water  loses  its  mud. 

The  ri\-er  is  muddy  in  the  winter  time,  for  then 
it  gets  the  most  of  its  water  from  the  to})  of  the 
ground.      \'ou  know  how  dirty  the  ground  is. 


92  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

In  some  countries  the  rivers  disappear  in  the 
summer.  The  thirsty  air  keeps  taking  the  water  as 
long  as  there  is  any  in  sight.  If  the  river  bed  is 
sandy  a  part  of  the  water  escapes.  It  creeps  in 
among  the  sand  grains  away  from  the  sun  and  air. 
People  obtain  water  from  such  a  river  by  digging 
holes  in  the  sand. 

QUESTIONS. 

Describe  the  difference  between  the  summer  and  winter  stream. 
How  were  the  pebbles  made? 

W'iiat  did   the  ri\'er   do  with   the   material   it  ground    from   the 
pieces   of   rock? 

What  is  sand  made  from?      Tell  how  it  is  made. 

\\'h\'  is  the  water  of  the  ri\er  clear  in  the  summer  time? 

What  makes  some  creeks  dr}'  up  in  the  summer? 

What  is  a  filter? 

How  do  the  spring^s  act  like  filters? 

Tell  h(n\'  the  bed  of  a  dr\-  creek  looks. 


WHAT    IS    CLIMATE? 

The  climate  of  a  place  is  the  kind  of  weather 
which  it  has.  If  it  rains  much  in  a  place  we  say  the 
climate  of  that  place  is  wet. 

If  the  sun  shines  the  most  of  the  time  and  little 
rain  falls,  we  say  the  place  has  a  warm,  dry  climate. 
Nearly  every  place  has  a  different  climate.  At  my 
home  it  rains  in  the  winter,  and  the  summers  are 
long  and  dry.  Where  you  live  it  may  snow^  or  rain 
every  month  in  the  year. 

Many  things  work  together  to  make  the  climate 
of  a  place.  The  sun,  the  winds,  and  the  clouds  are 
all  striving  with  each  other.  The  weather  yesterday 
is  not  like  the  weather  to-day.  Winter  is  not  like 
summer,  nor  spring  like  fall. 

Summer  is  warmer  than  winter,  because  in  the 
summer  we  get  more  sunshine.  In  the  south  it  is 
warm  nearly  all  of  the  year.  In  the  far  north  there 
is  little  sunshine  and  it  is  cold  the  most  of  the  year. 

You  will  learn  in  the  next  lesson  how  the  climate 
changes  as  you  go  up  the  side  of  a  mountain.  On 
the  top  of  the  moimtain  it  is  much  colder  than  in  the 
valleys   below.      At   the  foot  of  the  mountain  it   ina\' 


94  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

be  warm  enough  for  oranges,  while  at  the  top  there 
is  snow  the  whole  year  through. 

The  sun  warms  the  land  quickly.  The  heat  of 
the  ocean  changes  but  little  from  winter  to  summer. 
1  he  winds  which  blow  from  the  ocean  are  cool. 
For  this  reason  people  who  live  near  the  ocean  have 
a  pleasant  summer  climate. 

In  the  summer  the  winds  which  blow  over  the 
land  become  warm.  Upon  the  great  plains  these 
winds  are  so  hot  as  to  almost  burn  vour  face. 

It  generally  rains  rnore  near  the  ocean  than  it 
does  far  away.  Mountain  ranges  ha\'e  more  rain 
than  lowlands  for  their  cool  tops  turn  the  clouds  into 
rain.  A  country  which  has  a  high  mountain  range 
between  it  and  the  ocean  gets  very  little  rain.  The 
mountain  has  taken  the  most  of  the  moisture  from 
the  air. 

A  place  where  but  little  rain  falls  through  the 
year  is  called  a  desert.  The  desert  has  strange  look- 
ing plants  which  can  live  a  long   time  without  water. 

The  climate  of  a  place  determines  what  kind  of 
plants  can  grow  there.  The  climate  also  affects  the 
animals.  There  are  some  places  upon  the  earth 
where  people  cannot  live  because  of  the  bad  climate. 

The  kind  of  work  which  people  carry  on  is 
partly  determined  by  the  climate.  Everywhere  you 
go    you   \\ill    find    people   raising    different    kinds   of 


HOME    GP^OGRAIMIY.  95 

products  and  doing  different  things.  Oranges  can 
grow  only  in  a  warm  climate.  We  get  apples  and 
grain  in   cool  climates. 

In  wet  countries  the  forests  aie  often  so  dense 
that  you  cannot  go  through  them  without  having  a 
path  cut.  In  the  desert  there  is  little  in  sight 
besides  sand  and   rocks. 

The  animals  of  the  south  have  little  fur.  They 
are  dressed  by  nature  for  the  w^arm  climate  in  which 
they  live.  In  cold  countries  their  fur  is  thick  and 
long. 

In  cold  climates  we  need  meat  to  eat.  Where 
it  is  warm  fruits  and  vegetables  are  better  for  us. 
In  every  place  people  raise  what  will  grow  best  in 
that  place.  The  different  climates  give  us  a  great 
variety  of  food. 

If  the  climate  were  the  same  everywhere  our 
world  would  not  be  as  pleasant  as  it  is. 


96 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


our:sTi()NS. 


Are  the  da.ys  cooler  upon  a  hill  or  in  a  valley? 

Where  are  the  nights  cooler? 

Where  does  frost  come  first  in  the  fall? 

From  which  direction  do  the  winds  blow  that  bring  rain? 

Where  do  you  think  it  is  warmer  in  the  winter,  near  the  ocean 
or  far  away  from  it?     Why? 

Mention  the  different  things  which  make  the  climate  of  your 
home. 

Do  ponds  and  lakes  freeze  over  in  the  winter  where  you  live? 

Does  the  ocean  freeze  ? 

What  is  a  desert? 

What  time  of  the  \-ear  docs  it  storm  most? 

How  do  people  keep  warm  where  it  is  cold? 

What  do  you  eat  that  is  raised  in  a  warm  climate? 


WHAT    WE    LEARNED    BY    CLIMBING    A 

MOUNTAIN. 

Mountains  are  higher  than  hills.  We  might 
call  a  mountain  a  grown-up  hill.  Mountains  are 
also  rougher  than  hills.  They  have  rugged  cliffs 
and  deep  canons. 

We  climbed  a  hi^^h  mountain  once.  Would 
you  like  to  know  what  w^e  saw? 

We  started  from  the  valley  where  the  land  is 
smooth  and  the  river  flows  slowly.  All  the  land 
was  covered  \vith  grain-fields  and  orchards.  The 
people  there  are  farmers. 

As  we  tra\'eled  in  the  direction  of  the  mountains 
the  valley  became  narrower  and  the  land  not  so 
smooth.  W^e  soon  got  among  the  foothills.  These 
are  little  hills  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains. 

We  left  the  grain-fields  behind,  but  there  were 
still  many  orchards  to  be  seen.  After  a  time  the 
hills  became  too  rough  and  steep  for  the  orchards, 
and  we  saw  about  us  herds  of  cattle  feeding.  Cattle 
can  find  something  to  eat  where  the  land  is  too 
rough  for  the  farmer. 

The    river    now  flowed    in    a  narrow  \\ille\'  or 


98 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


canon.  At  one  point  there 
was  a  pretty  waterf9.ll. 
The  river  tumbled  over  a 
ledge  of  rock  with  a  loud 
noise.  The  river  has  been 
at  work  for  a  long  time 
digging  the  canon  in  which 
it  flows.  Where  the  water- 
fall is,  it  found  some  very 
hard  rock,  so  it  jumped 
over  the  rock  instead  of 
cutting  it  away. 

As   we   went    up    the 
mountain    we    found    that 


the  climate  changed.  We 
seemed  in  a  strange  coun- 
try for  everything  was  dif- 
ferent. In  the  valley  the 
spring  flowers  had  gone. 
Here  they  were  thick  on 
every  side  and  there  were 
many  which  we  had  never 
seen  before.  The  days 
and  nights  were  cooler.  It 
seemed  like  spring.  In 
truth    it    was     spring    for 

and 


winter     lasts 


longer 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY.  99 

spring-  comes  later  in  the  mountains  than  it  does  in 
the  valleys. 

The  trees  as  well  as  the  plants  interested  us. 
There  were  pines  and  firs  that  filled  the  air  with  a 
pleasant  odor.  Where  the  rough  bark  was  broken 
we  found  the  resinous  sap.  How  sticky  it  was. 
Idiat  which  had  become  dried  made  good  chewing 
gum. 

We  passed  by  a  mine  where  the  men  were 
digging  deep  in  the  rocks  for  gold.  We  saw  the  ore 
come  up  out  of  the  mine  and  go  to  the  stamp  mill. 
Thump,  thump,  thump!  went  the  iron  stamps  as 
they  crushed  the  rocks  and  set  free  the  gold. 

By  and  by  we  came  to  a  clear  lake.  There  were 
forests  and  rocks  around  it.  The  w^ater  was  so  quiet 
that  we  could  see  everything  on  the  shore  reflected 
in  it.  We  learned  much  from  the  lake,  but  you  will 
hear  about  it  in  another  chapter. 

Up  we  went,  for  we  were  still  far  from  the  top 
of  the  mountains.  After  a  time  the  trees  became 
smaller  and  at  last  we  stood  upon  the  bare,  rocky 
slopes.  Mosses  grew  upon  many  of  the  rocks  and 
in  warm  nooks  there  were  low  bushes.  The  air  was 
cooler  than  in  the  little  valleys  and  along  the  brooks 
the  spring  grass  had  hardly  begun  to  grow. 

You  would  hardly  have  thought  it  was  the 
month  of  July,  for  snowbanks  lay  here  and  there  on 


100 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


the  shady  slopes.  How  strange  to  be  able  to  play 
snowball  in  summer!  How  long  and  cold  the  winter 
must  be  there! 

The  climate  there  is   much  like  that  in   the  far 
north.     The  plants   and   animals  that  live  there  are 


THE  WATER  WAS  SO  QUIET. 

similar  to  those  of  the  north.  In  climbing  the 
mountain  we  passed  through  regions  of  different 
climate  and  productions  just  as  we  would  do  in  going 
from  our  own  home  toward  the  cold  north.  Does 
not  this  seem  very  strange  to  you? 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY.  lOl 

At  last  we  stood  upon  the  summit  of  the  moun- 
tains. It  is  so  cold  and  barren  there  that  nothing 
can  grow.  We  were  very  tired,  but  the  view  which 
we  got  over  many  miles  of  country  interested  us  for 


THK   MOrXTAIN   SLOPED   DOWN   I.IKE   THE   ROOF  OF  A   HOUSE. 

a  long  time.  Wc  played  that  it  was  a  great  map, 
and  wc  enjovcd  studying  it  much  more  than  those 
in  the  gcographx'. 

The  mountain  slopes  down  like  the  roof  ot  a 
house.     W'c  stood  as  it  were  on  the  ridge  of  the  root. 

On    the    side    of    the    mountain    up    which    we 


102  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

had  climbed,  the  water  from  the  melting  snow  and 
the  springs,  after  a  long  journey,  goes  down  past  our 
valley  home.  Upon  the  other  side  of  the  ridge,  or 
summit  of  the  mountain,  the  water  flows  down 
through  another  valley  far  away  from  ours. 

We  stood  with  one  foot  upon  one  slope,  and  one 
upon  the  other.  The  raindrops  falling  there  start 
away  in  different  directions. 

How  different  their  stories  will  be  when  they 
once  more  reach  the  ocean.  They  may  never  be 
near  each  other  again. 

The  ridge  on  which  we  stand  is  called  a  divide, 
because  it  makes  the  water  flow  in  opposite  directions. 


OUlvSTIONS. 

How  arc  mountains  different  from  hills? 

What  occupations  do  peo[)le  follow  in  the  valley? 

What  kinds  of  work  are  carried  on  in  the  mountains? 

What  is  a  waterfall? 

Of  what  use  are  waterfalls? 

Tell  some  of  the  wa\'s  in  which  ])ine  trees  differ  from  other  trees. 

(  )f  what  use  to  us  is  the  sap  of  the  pine? 

W'here  does  snow  sta\'  the  IcMigest? 

Where  is  it  cooler  on  a  summer  da\',  in  a  valle\'  or  on  a  hill? 

I'ind  a  divide  near  your  home  and  describe  it. 

How  is  the  divide  like  the  roof  of  a  hcnise? 

I  low  is;^roin<^r  up  ;i  mountain  like  going  toward  the  north? 

Why  do  different  plants  grow  at  different  heights  on  the  mountain  ? 

What  climate  do  }'ou  like  best? 

Would  \'ou  rather  li\e  in  the  valley  or  on  the  mountain?    Why? 


HOME   rTEOGIlAPflY. 


103 


fi 


-j;.-j.wI'/«-»'-**';,t;^.  • .'  j 


Till':  \v.\ndI':ri:r. 

Upon  the  mountain's  height,  far  from  the  sea, 

I  found  a  shell, 
And  to  m\'  curious  ear  this  lonel\'  thing 
Ever  a  song  of  ocean  seemed  to  sing  — 

Iwer  a  tale  of  ocean  seemed  to  tell. 

How  came  this  shell  upon  the  mountain  height? 

Ah,  who  can  say 
Whether  there  dropped  b\-  some  too  careless  hand  — 
\\  hether  there  cast  when  oceans  swept  the  land 

l^re  the  Eternal  had  ordained  the  da\-? 

Strange,  was  it  not?      h^ar  from  its  native  sea, 

One  song  it  sang  — 
Sang  of  the  might}'  mysteries  of  the  tide  — 
Sang  of  the  awful  x'ast,  [)rof()und  and  wide  — 

Softl}'  with  echoes  of  the  ocean  rang. 

And  as  the  shell  u[)()n  tlie  mountain's  height 

Sings  of  the  sea, 
So  do  I  ever,  k-agues  and  leagues  awa)-  — 
So  do  1  c\er.  wantlering  where  I  may, 

Sing,  ()  m\'  home — sing,  ()  my  lK)me,  of  thee. 

—  Hi  Una  Modjcska . 


BEFORE   US    RISES   A    HI(;H    MOUNTAIN. 


STORY    OF    A    MOUNTAIN. 

Before  us  rises  a  high  mountain.  Its  top  is 
white  with  snow.  Its  sides  are  steep  and  rocky  and 
very  hard  to  climb.  What  made  the  mountain  ? 
Has  it  always  been  there  or  is  it  a  little  hill  grown 
large  and  high  ? 

Mountains  reallv  do  i^row.  Is  that  not  stran<j^e? 
They  were  once  lower  than  they  are  now.  They 
began  as  little  hills  long  ago  and  slowly  kept  getting 
larger.  When  mountains  stop  growing  they  do  not 
remain  always.  They  are  wearing  away  and  after 
a  long  time  may  change  to  little  hills  again.  Let  us 
see  if  we  can  understand  how  this  is  done.  A  moun- 
tain will  interest  us  more  when  we  know  its  storw 

1C4 


HOME    GP^OGUAPHY.  105 

Some  mountains  are  formed  by  the  risinj^f"  of  the 
solid  land  on  which  we  live.  The  land  wrinkles  in 
furrows  and  ridges.  You  can  see  how  this  is  done 
by  taking  a  piece  of  paper  in  your  hands  :  when  the 
paper  is  stretched  out  it  is  even  like  a  plain  ;  shove 
the  opposite  edges  of  the  paper  toward  each  other 
and  it  will  wrinkle.  There  will  be  a  ridge,  and  then 
a  hollow,  and  then  a  ridge  again. 

At  first  the  ridges  upon  the  earth  where  moun- 
tains are  forming  are  not  higher  than  hills,  but  they 
keep  rising  and  rising  until  they  reach,  it  may  be, 
two  or  three  miles  into  the  sky. 

You  can  not  see  mountains  grow,  because  they 
do  so  very  slowly.  You  would  have  to  watch  many 
thousands  of  years  to  see  one  change  a  great  deal. 

You  have  all  heard  of  earthquakes,  I  am  sure. 
At  such  a  time  the  land  trembles  under  our  feet. 
The  strongest  buildings  are  sometimes  thrown  down. 
In  places  where  mountains  are  growing  we  often  ha\'e 
earthquakes.  In  the  western  part  of  our  country  we 
can  see  places  where  the  land  has  changed  its  lex'cl 
fift}^  feet  at  the  time  of  an  earthquake. 

The  mountain  which  rises  so  white  in  our 
picture  is  a  volcano.  It  is  one  of  the  highest 
mountains  in  the  United  States  and  is  called 
Mount  Shasta.  \"olcanoes  are  formed  in  a  difterent 
manner  from  other  mountains. 


106  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

Have  you  ever  heard  what  volcanoes  are  made 
of,  and  how  they  have  buried  whole  cities?  In 
Italy  there  is  a  volcano  that  buried  two  cities  for  so 
long  a  time,  that  people  living  near  forgot  that  the 
cities  had  ever  been  there. 

Volcanoes  are  built  of  lava  and  ashes  which  are 
thrown  out  of  an  opening  in  the  earth.  Far  down 
beneath  our  feet  the  rocks  are  very  hot.  In  some 
places  they  are  hot  enough  to  melt.  If  there  is  any 
water  in  them  it  is  changed  to  steam.  The  steam 
tries  to  get  out  just  as  it  tries  to  escape  from  the 
boiler  of  an  engine.  Where  it  finds  a  weak  place 
in  the  crust  of  the  earth  it  makes  a  hole.  Around 
this  opening  a  volcano  may  be  built  up.  Melted 
rock,  pieces  of  solid  rock,  and  ashes  are  blown  out 
through  the  opening.  After  a  time  enough  accumu- 
lates  to  form   a  mountain. 

If  you  can  visit  a  furnace  you  may  see  melted 
iron  which  looks  much  like  hot  lava  from  a  volcano. 
The  clinkers  from  a  coal  fire  look  like  the  lava  when 
it  has  become  cold. 

We  have  seen  how  the  river  is  at  work  making 
the  valley  in  which  it  flows.  We  have  seen  that 
mountains  are  furrowed  with  gulches  and  canons 
made  by  the  raindrops.  The  muddy  streamlets 
after  a  rain  are  carrying  the  land  away  from  the 
mountain  sides. 


IIO.MK    <JK()GHArHV 


107 


Do  you  not  think  that  after  a  lon^-  time  manv 
streamlets  could  wash  the  mountain  entirely  a\va\'  ? 
If  you  should  work  loni;'  enoui^h  \()u  could  carry 
away  a  ha\'stack  ])y  takin^^  one  straw  at  a  time. 

The  snowy  mountain  which  our  picture  shows 
will  not  last  always.  Every  spring  when  the  snow- 
melts  the  streamlets  are  workint^  as  fast  as  thev  can 
carr)'ing"  the  particles  of  soil  and  rock  down  to  the 
valley.  Some  time  the  mountain  mav  be  worn  down 
and  only  a  hill  left  in  its  ])lace. 


THE   WORK   OF  THE   WATERS. 


SOMETHING    ABOUT    LAKES. 

You  remember  that  in  going  up  a  mountain  we 
passed  a  pretty  lake.  Would  you  not  like  to  know 
something  more  about  lakes? 

You  have  all  seen  ponds  left  by  the  rain  in 
hollows  of  the  land.  Some  of  the  boys  have  built 
rafts  and  paddled  about  on  these  ponds. 

A  lake  is  much  like  a  pond  only  that  it  is 
larger.  Different  lakes  have  different  stories  to  tell. 
All  these  stories  are  interesting  and  we  will  listen  to 
some  of  them. 

Our  mountain  lake  was  formed  in  a  river  valley. 
Below  the  valley  the  river  flowed  through  a  canon 
with  steep,  high  walls.  The  falling  rain  soaked  into 
the  cracks  on  the  rocky  bank  until  by  and  by  the 
rocks  were  made  so  loose  that  they  were  ready  to 
fall.  One  wet  winter  the  A\'hole  hillside  slid  down 
and  Ijlocked  the  ri\'er.  A  <i"reat  mass  of  rocks  and 
dirt  filled  up  the  whole  canon. 

The  ri\-er  kept  flowing  into  the  valley  above 
and  soon  a  large  lake  filled  it.  When  the  water 
of  the  lake  reached  the  top  of  the  dam  the  ri\'er 
flo\\-ed    on    again.      It    tumbled    over    the    dam    and 

ins 


HOMK    GKOGRArHV. 


109 


went   dashing   down    the   canon    as    if    nothing    had 
happened. 

After  a  time  the  lake  became  very  pretty. 
Willows  and  grasses  grew  about  its  shores,  and 
many  water  animals  came  to  make  their  homes 
there. 


THE   MEADOW   TAKING  THE   PLACE   OF  THE   I.  \KE. 


But  the  river  was  not  idle.  \c)u  know  how  it 
works  a  part  of  the  year.  It  kept  bringing  down 
mud,  and  sand,  and  pebbles  and  had  no  })lacc  to 
leave  them  but  in  the  lake.  The  upper  end  ot  the 
lake  where   the  ri\'er  flowed   in  began  to  fill   up.      At 


no 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


last  a  marsh  took  the  place  of  this  part  of  the  lake, 
and  then  dry  land  covered  with  grasses.  The  land 
formed  in  this  way  we  call  a  delta. 

The  lake  will  after  a  time  disappear  and  a  beau- 
tiful meadow  fill  the  whole  valley. 


THE   DELTA   OF    A    RIVER. 


There  are  other  kinds  of  lakes  besides  the  one 
we  have  just  learned  about.  The  water  in  our 
mountain  lake  is  fresh,  and  irood  to  drink  because 
it   has   an   outlet.     There  are  lakes   with  no  outlets 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY.  1]1 

and  these  are  often  very  salty.  Besides  the  mud 
and  sand  which  the  streams  l)rin<^f  into  the  lakes 
there  is  a  small  amount  of  salt,  soda,  and  other 
minerals.  After  a  time  the  water  becomes  so  salty 
that  it  is  not  fit  to  drink.  In  some  places  they  make 
salt  and  soda  from  the  water  of  such  lakes. 

Lakes  are  very  pretty  and  many  people  camp 
by  them  in  the  summer.  They  are  also  useful, 
because  they  store  the  water  of  the  winter  storms 
which  would  otherwise  run  away  t(^  the  ocean. 


OUKSTIOXS. 


Tell  what  a  pond  is. 

IIa\'e  }'ou  ever  seen  a  lake?      if  so,  tlescribe  it. 
Ilaxe    }'oii    seen    a    land-slide    after    a    heav\'    rain?      Tell    what 
happened. 

W'h)'  did  the  ri\-er  lea\e  its  load  in  the  lake? 

Of  what  value  are  lakes? 

W'h)-  is  the  water  salt}'  in  some  lakes? 

What  is  a  meadow? 

How  does  the  ocean  differ  from  a  lake? 

What  is  a  delta? 

Is  the  land  formed  b}-  deposit  from  a  ri\er  rich  or  poor? 


A   QUARRY. 


WHAT    ROCKS    ARE    MADIi    OF. 


We  have  learned  that  soil  is  made  from  rock. 
Now  we  ought  to  learn  something"  about  rocks  them- 
selves. Rocks  are  very  useful  in  many  ways.  It  is 
in  the  rocks  that  we  find  gold  and  other  minerals. 

We  have  seen  rocks  in  many  places.  In  the 
hills  and  mountains  they  are  sticking  out  of  the 
ground.  Along  the  ocean  shore  and  in  the  canons 
the  waters  nas  washed  the  soil  away  and  left  them 
bare. 


112 


HOMK    (;K()(iUAl'IIY.  ]  i;5 

Do  you  know  what  ;i  (|iiarry  is?  It  is  a  place 
where  rock  is  obtained  for  l)uildin*^"s.  The  rock 
which  we  find  on  the  top  of  the  ground  is  dirty  and 
often  crumbles  easily.  It  is  changing  to  soil.  To 
get  clean,  hard  rock  men  open  a  cpiarry. 

To  do  this  they  first  scrape  away  the  soil.  Then 
they  use  powder  and  blast  the  rock  out  until  they 
get  down  where  it  is  fresh.  Then  care  is  used,  in 
breaking  the  rock,  to  get  pieces  of  the  right  size. 
After  the  rock  is  broken  hammers  and  chisels  are 
used  by  the  men,  to  shape  the  pieces  as  they  \\'ish. 
Many  kinds  of  rock  are  used  for  buildings. 
Granite  w^ill  be  the  most  interesting  to  us,  and  so 
we  will  study  a  chip  of  that  rock. 

Here  is  a  piece  of  granite  just  from  the  quarry. 
1  am  sure  that  \\'e  have  all  seen  granite.  The  piece 
is  speckled  with  little  grains  of  different  color.  Let 
us  see  what  these  grains  are. 

Here  is  one  that  is  clear  and  looks  like  a  piece 
of  glass.  It  is  so  hard  that  you  cannot  scratch  it 
with  a  knife,     d  his  mineral  is  called  quartz. 

There  are  also  some  little  black  grains  in  our 
chip  of  granite.  If  we  examine  them  carefully  we 
find  that  they  can  be  split  into  thin  scales  which  are 
elastic.     Idiis  mineral  is  mica. 

There  is  another  mineral  in  granite.  It  has  a 
light    color,   but    is    not    glassy   like   the  (juartz.      It 


114  HOME    GEOCxRAPHY. 

shows  bright  shining  faces.  This  mineral  is  called 
feldspar. 

'I^ake  a  hammer  and  pound  a  piece  of  granite 
until  you  have  a  fine  powder.  Wash  away  the  dust 
and  mica  scales  and  you  w^ill  have  some  clean  white 
sand  like  that  upon  the  beach. 

Nature  is  breaking  the  rocks  in  pieces,  but  she 
works  quite  differently.  She  takes  a  long  time  to 
make  a  piece  of  granite  crumble  to  sand. 

The  sand  which  you  find  by  the  water's  edge  is 
mostly  grains  of  quartz.  Quartz  is  used  for  making 
glass. 

You  will  find  mica  in  the  brooks  in  the  summer 
time.  When  the  water  is  clear  you  can  see  the  shin- 
ing mica  scales  moving  along  the  bottom  with  the 
current,     lliey  look  like  gold. 

Scales  of  mica  are  used  to  make  th(!  windows  of 
stoves,  lliese  scales  are  very  much  larger  than 
those  found  in  granite.  Can  you  think  why  glass 
A\'oul(l  not  do  for  stove  Avindows? 

The  feldspar  in  granite  finally  turns  to  clay.  It 
is  clay  that  sticks  to  our  feet  when  it  rains.  Our 
china  dishes  are  made  from  clay. 

l>ricks  are  made  from  sand  and  clay  mixed. 

WHien  grains  of  sand  become  cemented  so  as  to 
stick  tightly  together  they  form  a  kind  of  rock  called 
sandstone.      This  I'ock  is  also  used  for  buildings. 


HOMK    (■,\:<>(,HM']fY. 


11 


Limestone  is  still  another  kind  of  rock.  You 
can  tell  limestone  because  it  is  quite  soft,  and  when 
you  put  drops  of  an  acid  upon  it  little  bubbles 
quickly  form.  Marble  is  one  kind  of  limestone.  It 
is  used  for  statues. 


QUKSTIOXS. 

Tell  some  of  the  ways  in  which  rocks  are  useful  to  us. 

Why  do  men  dig  deep  in  the  earth  to  get  rock  for  buildings? 

How  is  the  soil  made  from  rock? 

Where  have  you  seen  rock? 

Can  you  tell  how  men  quarry  rock? 

Mention  some  of  the  uses  of  glass. 

What  uses  are  made  of  marble? 

Can  you  tell  what  mortar  is  made  of? 

What  part  of  granite   makes   cla\-?      Gi\-e   some   of  the  uses  of 

Can  \-ou  tell  us  something  about  mica? 

Tell  us  about  the  different  kinds  of  rock  used  for  buildings. 

Which  is  the  prettiest? 

Which  is  the  softest? 

How  can  \'ou  tell  ijuartz  when   you  examine  a  piece  of  granite^ 


clav 


MRCINIA    CITY. 


WHERE    MINERALS    ARE    EOUND. 

What  minerals  have  you  seen  ?  Let  us  think. 
There  is  iron  which  is  used  to  make  our  stoves. 
Tin  is  used  to  coat  many  of  our  dishes.  Copper  is 
used  in  making"  wire  and  in  many  other  ways.  Gold 
and  silver  are  used  for  money.  They  are  also  used 
in  making  dishes  and  jewelry. 

There  are  so  many  different  minerals.  Where 
do  you  suppose  they  are  all  found?  We  cannot  go 
out  in  the  hills  and  pick  these  minerals  up  in  the 
form  in  which  we  see  them.  They  are  rough  and 
dirty,  and  mixed  with  rock  when  first  found.  They 
lie; 


HOME    (iEOGKAl'HY.  117 

have  to  go  through  many  processes  before  they  come 
out  pure  and  bright. 

If  you  were  hunting  for  gold  or  silver,  would 
you  look  in  the  valleys  where  grain  and  fruit  are 
raised  or  would  you  go  into  the  mountains? 

Minerals  come  out  of  the  earth,  but  they  are  not 
often  found  in  the  soil.  We  would  not  be  apt  to 
find  them  in  the  garden  or  grain-field.  Minerals 
come  from  the  hard  rocks  in  the  mountains. 

In  the  valleys  the  rocks  are  buried  deeply  by 
the  soil.  In  the  mountains  the  rain  has  washed  the 
soil  away  from  the  rocks,  leaving  them  quite  bare  in 
many  places.  This  is  where  we  should  go  to  hunt 
for  minerals. 

Here  is  a  man  who  can  tell  us  something  about 
minerals.  He  has  spent  many  years  hunting  for 
them,  and  ditr^ins/  amon^"  the  rocks.  He  is  called  a 
miner. 

He  says  that  minerals  are  found  in  thin  layers 
in  the  rocks.  These  layers  or  \'eins  reach  e\'er  so 
deeply  into  the  earth.  Hundreds  and  hundreds  of 
feet  the  miner  digs  down  through  the  rocks  as  he 
follows  a  litttle  \'ein  of  ore.  He  gets  far  fi"om  tlie 
light  of  day  and  has  to  use  a  candle  to  work  1)\'. 

The  holes  which  the  miner  diizs  are  called  shafts. 
I'hey  appear  \'erv  much  like  wells.  The  miners  ride 
up  and   down   in   what   is   called   a   cage,      llie  cage 


118 


HOME    GEOGRArHY. 


looks  like  the  elevators  which  are  found  in  tall  build- 
ings in  cities. 

Alining  is  dangerous  work.  Sometimes  the 
miners  do  not  have  good  air  to  breathe.  They  are 
often  hurt  by  falling  rocks  or  by  powder  explosions. 


A   GOLD    MINE. 


Some  mines  have  been  dug  nearly  a  mile  deep. 
Would  it  not  seem  strange  to  ride  down  nearly  a 
mile  into  the  solid  earth?  The  deep  mines  are  often 
very  hot.  The  men  can  stay  in  some  of  them  only 
a  little  while  at  a  time. 

There  is  much  water  in  most  deep  mines.     We 


HOME   GECJGUAPIIY.  119 

have  learned  that  there  are  little  underground 
streams  running  through  the  cracks  in  the  rocks. 
The  shafts  and  tunnels  cut  some  of  these,  and  this 
is  the  reason  the  mines  are  so  wet. 

It  is  hard  and  dangerous  work  to  get  the  shining 
yellow  gold.  Men  go  all  over  the  world  hunting  for 
it.  What  an  interesting  story  gold  might  tell  us  —  a 
story  of  how  it  was  buried  deep  in  the  earth  ever  so 
long  ago,  and  how  the  miners  found  it  and  brought 
it  to  the  surface. 

To  ""et  the  ijold  from  the  rock  stickini''  to  it  the 
ore  is  put  in  a  mill.  The  mill  is  a  noisy  place  with 
heavy  stamps  of  iron  rising  and  falling  all  of  the 
time.  The  stamps  crush  the  rock  and  set  the  gold 
free.     At  last  it  comes  out  clean  and  bright. 

Most  of  the  mines  are  found  in  mountainous 
countries.  If  you  will  look  upon  the  map  of  your 
countr\'  or  state  voii  can  tell  where  the  mines  are. 
You  can  imagine  thai  in  each  mountain  range  which 
you  see  pictured  upon  the  map  there  are  hundreds 
of  little  holes.  You  can  imagine  also  that  these 
little  holes  are  full  of  busy  men.  They  are  going  in 
and  out  of  the  holes  like  so  many  ants,  digging 
long  underground  passages  and  bringing  the  rock 
to  the  surface. 


120  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

QUESTIONS. 

Mention  the  different  minerals  which  you  hav^e  seen. 
Which  is  the  most  vahiable? 
Which  is  the  hea\'icst? 

If  there  are  mines  near  your  home,  tell  what  you  have  seen  men 
doing  there. 

If  you  were  looking  for  minerals  where  would  \'ou  go?     Why? 

Are  there  minerals  underneath  the  soil  of  the  valle)-s? 

Why  do  not  men  mine  in  the  valleys? 

In  what  way  is  mining  dangerous? 

What  is  the  most  useful  mineral? 

Why  are  some  mines  hot? 

How  deep  have  men  been  in  the  earth? 

Give  some  of  the  qualities  of  gold. 


THE    INHABITANTS    OF    THE    WATER. 


The  water  is  full  of  living  things.  Watch  the 
water  (^f  some  quiet  pond  and  you  will  see  many 
sorts  of  animals.  They  are  moving  about  looking 
for  something  to  eat. 

The  most  of  the  animals  that  you  find  in  the 
water  spend  all  of  their  lives  there.  Some  of  them 
are  fitted  to  live  upon  the  land  also.  These  go 
back  and   forth  as  they  please. 

The  land  animals  have  legs  for  walking  and 
lungs  for  breathing  air.  The  water  animals  swim, 
or  float,  or  creep  upon  the  bottom.  Some  remain 
fastened  in  one  place  the  whole  of  their  li\x\s  like 
plants.      Instead  of  lungs  they  have  gills  for  breath- 


ing water. 


We  find  man\^  kinds  of  plants  gro\ving  in  the 
water.  Those  in  the  shallow  ponds  and  lakes  whose 
roots  reach  into  the  mud  and  whose  leaves  and 
flowers  are  found  upon  the  surface  of  the  water 
were  once  land  plants. 

Besides   these   we   find   another  class   of    plants 


122  HOME  gp:()Geapiiy. 

called  algae  or  seaweeds.  These  are  very  different 
from  the  plants  which  we  have  just  mentioned. 
Their  home  has  always  been  in  the  w^ater. 

Some  of  them  float  in  the  water  while  others 
grow  fastened  to  the  bottom.  They  have  no  real 
roots,  but  take  their  food  from  the  water  by  means 
of  their  leaves. 

If  you  could  take  a  walk  upon  the  bottom  of 
the  ocean  it  would  seem  like  fairyland.  Everything 
would  be  so  strange  and  interesting. 

We  should  see  waving  seaweeds  of  many  colors, 
and  upon  the  bottom  beautiful  shells  and  delicate 
corals ;  little  crabs  of  curious  shape  would  run  up 
and  down  the  seaweeds  or  hide  among  their  leaves. 
Some  have  little  seaweeds  growing  upon  their  backs. 

We  should  see  many  fish  and  other  animals, 
some  very  large  and  fearful  to  look  at. 

Nearly  all  the  fish  that  you  find  in  the  ocean 
die  if  placed  in  fresh  water.  The  grandfathers  of 
the  fish  which  you  catch  in  the  brooks  and  lakes 
lived  in  the  ocean  a  long  time  ago.  Their  children 
while  hunting  for  food  slowly  became  used  to  breath- 
ing fresh  water.  So  at  last  they  left  the  ocean  and 
went  up  the  rivers  to  live.  They  found  food  which 
they  liked  in  the  rivers  and  they  did  as  you  will 
learn  plants  have  done.  They  adapted  themselves 
to  all   kinds  of  places.     These  fishes  have  lived  in 


iiomp:  geography. 


123 


fresh  water  so  long  that  now  salt  water  will  kill 
them. 

You  have  all  heard  of  the  salmon.  It  can  live 
in  both  fresh  and  salt  water.  This  fish  spends  the 
most  of  its  time  in  the  ocean.  When  its  eggs  are 
ready  to  be  laid  it  seeks  a  stream  of  fresh  water. 

For  days  the  streams  along  the  north  Pacific 
ocean  are  filled  with  salmon.  They  are  crowding 
and  pushing  their  way  up  stream.  Those  that  are 
not  killed  at  last  reach  the  clear  cold  brooks  in  the 
mountains  and  there  lay  their  eggs. 


THE    FUR   SEAL. 


Seals  an-d  whales  are  among  the  most  inter- 
esting of  the  ocean  animals.  They  are  not  fish,  for 
they  have  to  come  to  the  surface  of  the  water  to 
breathe  air. 


124  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

What  a  strange  story  these  animals  can  tell ! 
Their  grandfathers  lived  upon  the  land  ever  so  long 
ago.  They  had  four  legs  and  walked  around  like 
other  animals. 

They  used  to  go  into  the  water  for  food  and  at 
last  spent  the  most  of  their  time  there.  Their 
bodies  and  legs  became  changed  so  that  they  could 
swim  or  paddle  through  the  water.  Now  they  are 
at  home  in  the  water  and  very  quick  and  graceful  in 
their  movements.  Have  you  ever  seen  a  seal  out  of 
water  and  noticed  how  awkward  it  is  ?  The  beau- 
tiful fur  coat  of  the  seal  is  like  the  coats  its  grand- 
fathers wore  when  they  lived  upon  the  land.  The 
face  of  the  seal  is  very  different  from  that  of  the  fish. 
It  is  much  more  intelligent. 

If  you  live  near  the  ocean  you  have  enjoyed 
playing  along  the  shore  at  low  tide.  What  have 
you  discovered  about  the  inhabitants  of  the  ocean  ? 


HOxME    GEUGliArilY. 


125 


OUKSTIOXS. 


How  do  water  animals  differ  from  land  animals? 
Do  you   know  any  animals  that  spend   a   part  of  their  time  in 
the  water  and  a  part  on  the  land? 

How  do  animals  move  through  the  water? 

How  does  the  covering  of  fish  differ  from  that  of  seals? 

Mention  some  of  the  fish  that  are  found  m  fresh  water. 

Mention  the  different  kinds  of  water  animals  that  you  know. 

Tell  what  you  know  about  the  salmon. 

Why  did  the  fish  in  the  ocean  go  into  fresh  water? 

Mention  different  kinds  of  water  animals  that  are  used   for  food. 

What  water  animals  swim? 

What  water  animals  stay  in  one  place? 


THE    SPROUTING    SEED. 


Here  is  a  horse-chestnut.  How 
smooth  and  bright  it  is.  Upon  the 
outside  there  is  a  hard,  brown  shell. 
The  white  substance  within  looks 
much  like  the  meat  of  a  chestnut. 

We  will  partly  cover  one  of  the  nuts  in  moist 
soil,  and  water  it  often.  We  may  learn  something 
interesting. 

You  know  that  the  tree  grows  from  the  little 
seed.  Do  you  suppose  there  is  a  tiny  plant  wrapped 
up  in  the  horse-chestnut?  If  there  is  one,  it  must  be 
asleep.     Perhaps  the  w^arm,  moist  soil  will  wake  it  up. 

Very  soon  the  nut  begins  to  swell.  It  is  taking 
in  water  from  the  soil.  Upon  one  side  of  the  nut 
there  are  two  little  hollows  coming  together  like  the 
letter  V.  As  the  swelling  goes  on,  the  part  of  the 
shell  within  the  V  begins  to  split  away  from  the  rest 
of  the  shell. 

It  takes  several  days  for  this  to  happen,  but  at 
last  w'c  can  see  why  it  is.  There  in  the  opening 
appears  a  slender  shoot.  It  is  splitting  the  shell 
apart  and  forcing  its  way  out. 

lL'"i 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY.  127 

There  must  be  something  with- 
in the  nut  waking  to  life,  f(^r  day  by 
day  the  little  stem  reaches  farther 
out.  The  stem  is  turning  down  also 
as  if  it  were  trying  to  reach  the  soil. 

The  nut  has  swollen  so  much  now  that  it  has 
split  the  shell.  Within  we  can  see  the  white  meat  of 
the  nut.  It  splits  easily  into  two  parts.  The  little 
stem  which  is  pushing  its  way  out  is  also  splitting. 

Between  the  two  halves  of  the  stem  we  now  get 
si"-ht  of  somethino^  new.  It  is  the  most  wonder- 
ful  of  all.  There  are  some  little  leaves  unfolding. 
In  a  few  days  more  they  ha\'e  opened.  They  are 
very  delicate  and  tender,  but  just  like  the  leaves 
of  the  horse-chestnut  tree  from  which  the  nut 
came. 

The  end  of  the  little  stem  has  reached  the 
ground  and  is  pushing  down  into  it.  This  stem  is 
to  be  the  root  of  the  little  plant.  Branching  rootlets 
are  already  starting  from  it. 

l)Ut  how  can  the  plant  grow  before  it  has  any 
roots?  It  is  being  fed  from  the  white  material 
within  the  nut.  This  is  mosth'  starcli.  It  is  just 
what  the  little  plant  needs  before  it  can  shift  for 
itself.  The  two  hahes  of  the  nut  which  we  ha\'e 
disc()\'ered  are  the  seed  lea\'es.  .-Vfter  a  time  the 
plant   will   use   up  all   of   the   food    stored    in    them. 


128 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


They  will  be  of  no  more  use  and 
will  shrivel  and  die. 

By  this  time  the  little  root 
has  gone  far  down  into  the 
ground.  The  branching  root- 
lets are  growing.  The  leaves 
are  now  large  enough  to  help. 
There  are  more  of  them  and 
they  are  reaching  up  into  the  air. 
The  roots  take  the  food  from 
the  soil.  This  food  passes  up 
through  the  stem  to  the  leaves. 
The  sun  shines  upon  the  leaves 
and  changes  the  food  in  such  a 
way  that  the  plant  can  use  it. 

A  tiny  plant  lay  ready 
formed  in  the  seed  or  nut.  It 
was  the  germ  or  embryo. 
Warmth  and  moisture  were  all 
that  was  needed  to  wake  it  into 
life.  It  will  grow  year  after 
year  and  at  last  become  a  tree. 
Then  you  will  find  upon  it  in  the 
spring  long  clusters  of  flowers, 
and  in  the  fall  the  pretty  red- 
brown  nuts  like  the  one  you 
have  studied. 


HOMK    GKOfiRAl'lIY. 


1-2 'J 


QUESTIONS. 
Plant  some  beans  and  see  if  the\'  behave  as  did  the  horse-chest- 


nut. 


What  is  the  use  of  the  hard  shell  on  the  horse-chestnut? 

Mention  some  other  seeds  which  have  a  shell  on  theni?  What 
are  nuts? 

Can  you  tell  where  the  water  soaks  into  the  horse-chestnuts? 

Of  what  use  is  the  meat  in  nuts?      What  nuts   ha\e  }ou  eaten? 

What  would  happen  if  the  little  stem  which  pushes  out  of  the 
shell  did  not  i^et  down  into  the  soil? 

What  are  the  two  hah'cs  of  the  nut  called  ? 

Could  \'ou  see  the  plant  in  the  nut  before  it  was  put  in  the 
moist  ground? 

Do  nuts  have  a  coverintj^?  Are  any  of  the  coverinpj^s  of  nuts 
prickl}-? 

What  is  it  that  makes  the  little  leaves  turn  green? 

Would  the  little  plant  grow  without  an}'  sunlight? 


WHERE    THE    FLOWERS    GROW. 

Is  there  a  girl  or  boy  who 
does  not  know  where  to  look  for 
the  wild  flowers  ?    Children  have 
bright  eyes.     They  did  not 
learn     from     books,    but 
Nature  taught  them.     She 
showed  them  where  to  look 
in  the  meadow,  and  by  the 
brook. 

They  have   found   that  eac 
flower  has  its  own  home  and  it 
own  time  for  blossoming.     Som 
plants    love    the     bright    sun. 
Others  hide  away  where  there 
is  always   shade.     Some   love 
the   dry   hillsides.     Some    can 
live    only    where    their    roots 
reach   the   w^ater   of   the   pond 
or  brook. 

Day  after  day  there  are 
beautiful  flowers  upon  the  teach- 
er's desk.     The  children  will  tell 
you  where  each  kind  came  from. 

i;50 


HOME    (iEOGHAPIIV. 


131 


The  buttercup,  the  orange  poppy,  and  the  yellow 
violet  came  from  the  meadow.  The  prettiest  flower 
of  them  all  is  the  butterfly  lily.     It  came  from  a  dry 


hillside    where    you    would    hardly    think    anything" 
could  grow. 

The   purple   trillium   grew  in   the  shad\-  woods. 
It   is  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  s|)ring  flowers.     The 


13-2 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


marsh  marigold  and  Jack-in-the-pulpit  are  dwellers 
in  wet  places.  The  grasses  and  cat-tails  came  from 
the  quiet  pond. 


FKIXOFJ)   C.ENTIAX. 


The  pond  lily  loves  the  still  water  of  the  pond 
or  river.  Its  great  leaves  and  beautiful  flowers 
cover  the  water.  Pond  lilies  are  hard  to  get  with- 
out a  raft  or  boat,  but  we  prize  them  the  more  for 
this. 


HOME    GKOGRAPHY.  I33 

Study  some  of  the  little  flower  buds  and  you 
will  see  how  delicately  the  petals  are  wrapped. 
Some  flowers  unfold  with  the  morning  sun,  others 
wait  until  evening. 

The  plant  loves  its  home  just  as  you  do  yours. 
Away  from  its  home  the  plant  does  not  grovv^  well. 
It  is  not  happy. 

flow  do  you  suppose  there  came  to  be  so  many 
different  plants,  each  kind  having  a  place  of  its  own 
in  which  it  loves  to  grow? 

I  will  tell  you  the  reason.  I  am  sure  you  can 
understand  it.  We  have  already  found  that  plants 
want  good  soil,  water,  and  light.  Wherever  it  rains 
we  find  the  ground  covered  with  little  plants.  Each 
is  struggling  to  get  sunshine  and  food.  There  is 
not  room  enough  for  all  of  them  in  the  best  places. 
Many  are  crowded  out  and  have  to  live  where  the 
ground  is  dry  and  barren.  Some,  like  the  pond  lily, 
are  crowded  into  the  water. 

At  first  this  was  pretty  hard  for  them  and  ever 
so  manv  died.  After  a  long  time,  however,  the  plants 
became  used  to  their  different  homes.  They  became 
so  contented  that  they  wanted  to  stay  where  they 
were.  They  would  not  be  happy  if  they  had  to  go 
back  to  their  old  homes. 

Out  on  the  meadow  you  can  see  how  the  plants 
are  still  crowding  each  other.     Hach  plant  is  striving 


134  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

to  get  all  the  sunshine,  and  plenty  of  room  for  its 
tiny  roots.  The  plants  next  to  it  are  doing  the  same 
thing.  The  strongest  succeed,  but  the  weak  ones 
finally  droop  and  die.  Some  time  you  will  want  to 
know  more  about  how  plants  as  well  as  animals  are 
struggling.     It  is  a  strange  story. 

The  flowers  in  our  gardens  once  grew  wild. 
Our  grandfathers  dug  them  up  and  set  them  in 
gardens.  They  tended  these  plants  very  carefully 
for  years,  giving  them  plenty  of  water  and  soft  rich 
earth  for  their  roots.  This  made  the  flowers  larger 
and  more  beautiful.  The  many  kinds  of  roses  have 
grown  from  the  wild  rose  of  the  woods. 


HOME    GE()(;KAriIY. 


135 


QUESTIONS. 

Mention  some  of  the  early  spring  flowers  and 
tell  where  they  grow. 

If  \'oii  take  a  plant  from  a  sandy  soil  and 
place  it  in  a  cla}-ey  soil,  will  it  grow  as  well? 

Will  a  plant  from  a  dry  country  grow  well  where  it  is  very  wet? 

Are  there  any  places  where  you  do  not  find  plants  growing? 

What  are  the  little  plants  struggling  for? 

Of  \vhat  use  are  the  flowers  upon  the  plants? 

What  is  necessary  to  make  the  little  seed  sprout? 

How^  do  some  plants  scatter  their  seeds?     Does  the  wind  help? 

Tell  how  our  garden  plants  were  obtained. 

What  plant  turns  its  blossoms  toward  the  sun? 

How  do  some  plants  hold  themselv^es  against  walls? 


PINE   lOREsT. 


rilK   ISK;   TkKKS   OF  CALIFORNIA. 


SOME    COMMON    TREES. 


We  could  not  do  without  the  trees.  Not  only 
are  they  very  useful,  but  they  help  make  the  world  a 
beautiful  home  for  us. 

Trees  furnish  us  food  in  the  shape  of  fruit  and 
nuts.  Idieir  trunks  are  made  into  luml)er  for  our 
houses.  Paper  is  made  from  certain  kinds,  and  the 
bark  of  others  is  of  great  value  for  tanning  leather 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  cork. 

Where  the  trees  are  thick  the\'  form  a  forest. 
Many  animals  make  their  homes  in  the  forests,  and 
birds  build  their  nests  there. 

How   we   enjoy   the    shade    of    the   trees    on    a 

i;57 


lo8 


HOME    GEOGIIAPHY. 


warm   day !     The  cattle  and    sheep   are  also   found 
there  contentedly  chewing  their  cuds. 

There   are   many   reasons   why  we   should   pre- 
serv^e  the  trees.     They  protect  the  ground  from  the 


K   OAK. 


hot  sun.  The  leaves  and  moss  which  are  found 
under  them  hold  the  rain-water  so  that  it  does  not 
run  away  so  quickly.  Where  there  is  no  vegetation 
the  water  runs  rapidly  away,  cutting  little  gullies 
and  carrying  off  the  soil. 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


139 


Trees  which  keep  their  leaves  through  the  year 
are  said  to  be  evergreen.  The  pines  and  firs  and 
cedars,  as  well  as  the  live  oak,  are  evergreen.  How 
fragrant  a  forest  of  such  trees  is  ! 


LIVE   OAK. 


The  pine  loves  the  sandy  soil  and  the  rockv 
mountain  slopes.  From  the  sap  of  the  pine  we  get 
resin  and  turpentine. 

Most  trees  drop  their  leaves  in  the  fall.  At  the 
base  of  the  leaf  stem  there  is  a  little  bud.  It  is  well 
wrapped  up  and  protected  from  the  wet  and  cold. 
The  warm   sun   of  spring  makes   the  buds   begin  to 


140 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


swell.      Soon    they   burst   their   wrappings    and    the 
bare  trees  are  covered  with  green  again. 

Trees  are  suited  to  different   places.     This  came 
about  just  as  you  remember  I  told  you  it  did  with 


COTTOXWOOD. 


the  flowers.  Hie  willow  loves  the  wet  places.  It 
does  not  care  much  where  it  grows  if  onh'  it  lias 
plenty  of  \\ater.  WHierever  you  find  willows  gr(jw- 
ing  you  ma)'  be  sure  there  is  water. 


IIOMP:    GEOGWArilY. 


141 


In  the  northern  woods  there  are  the  birch  and 
maple.    The  bark  of  the  birch  is  used  by  the  Indians 


for  makini^"  canoes.     The  maple  is  an  old  friend.     Ynu 
have  heard  how  maple  sui^ar  is  made  from  its  sap. 


142  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

How  many  have  seen  a  cottonwood  tree?  We 
find  this  tree  in  dry  countries.  It  grows  close  to 
the  streams.  It  is  called  cottonwood  because  of  the 
downy  tuft  upon  the  seed. 

Do  you  have  any  oak  trees  near  your  home  ? 
There  are  many  kinds  of  oaks.  One  is  always 
green  and  so  we  call  it  live  oak. 

The  fruit  trees  of  our  gardens  were  once  wild. 
Did  you  ever  find  apple  trees  in  the  woods  ?  Their 
apples  are  small  and  sour.  Apple  trees  have  been 
grown  in  gardens  for  many  years.  This  has  made 
the  apples  larger  and  more  pleasant  to  the  taste. 

The  nut  trees  are  a  great  attraction  in  the  fall. 
Children  who  have  never  been  nutting  do  not  know 
what  fun  it  is. 

QUESTIONS. 

Mention  some  of  the  trees  that  drop  their  leaves  in  the  fall. 

What  trees  have  leaves  all  of  the  time? 

Describe  the  leaves  of  the  pine. 

In  what  kind  of  a  covering  do  the  seeds  of  the  pine  grow? 

Mention  some  trees  that  grow  upon  dry  ground.  Some  that 
grow  upon  wet  ground. 

Do  you  know  any  of  the  trees  that  grow  in  warm  regions? 

What  kinds  of  trees  make  the  best  wood  for  our  fires? 

Name  as  many  as  you  can  of  the  nut  trees. 

Name  a  number  of  fruit  trees.  Of  what  use  are  trees?  What 
is  a  forest?  How  do  forests  protect  the  soil?  What  effect  has  the 
rain  upon  countries  where  there  is  little  vegetation  covering  the 
ground? 


SOMETHING    ABOUT    THE    HH^DS. 


If  birds  could  talk  what 
stories  we  might  hear.  We 
might  learn  of  a  time,  ever  so 
long  ago,  w^hen  their  grand- 
fathers were  not  ])irds  at  all. 
Then  they  could  not  fly,  for  they 
had  neither  wings  nor  feathers. 
These  grandfathers  of  our  birds 
had  four  lei^s,  a  lorn*-  tail  and 
jaws  with  teeth.  After  a  time 
feathers  grew  upon  their  bodies 
and  their  front  legs  became 
changed  for  flying.  These  were 
strange  looking  creatures.  There 
are  none  living  like  them  now. 
All  about  us  now  are  the 
pretty  birds.  They  wake  us  in  the  morning  with 
their  music.  W^e  think  sometimes  that  they  eat  too 
much  of  our  fruit,  but  then  if  there  were  no  birds 
to  kill  the  worms  upon  the  trees  we  might  ha\'e  less 
fruit  still. 

Each    kind    of    bird    is   htted    for  the    place   in 


K5 


144 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


which  we  find  it.  Some  birds  are  fitted  for  life  upon 
the  water.  Others  do  not  fly  much,  but  spend  their 
time  upon  the  ground,  while  still  others  are  on  the 
wing  much  of  the  time  and  have  their  nests  in  tall 
trees. 

The  duck  lives  upon  the  water.  It  has  strong 
legs  and  feet  with  webs  between  the  toes  for 
paddling. 


The  stork  is  a  wading  bird,  hunting  for  its  food 
in  shallow  ponds.  It  has  long  legs  which  fit  it  for 
wading.  In  the  water  it  finds  insects  and  little  fish, 
the  kinds  of  food  which  it  loves  best. 

The  hawk  has  very  sharp  eyes.  As  it  sails 
through  the  sky  it  is  on  the  watch  for  a  mouse  or 
perhaps  a  tender  chicken.  It  has  sharp  talons  for 
catching  and  holding  its  food. 


HOME    (;K(>(JHAl'nY. 


1  to 


How  delicate  are  the  feet  and  lei^s  of  tlie  robin. 
They  are  so  small  that  it  seems  as  if  they  could 
hardly  hold  up  the  body  of  the  ])ird.  The  robin 
does  but  little  ^valking.  That  is  the  reason  his  le^s 
are  so  small. 


OMKKH. 

The  ostrich  has  such  small  wings  that  it  cannot 
fly.  This  ])ird  has,  however,  very  large  legs  with 
which   it  can  run  rapidh^  o\-er  the  ground. 

Each    kind   of   bird    builds    a   different    nrsl.  and 


14(J  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

has  a  place  of  its  own  for  its  nest.  The  humming" 
bird  builds  one  of  the  softest  down,  upon  a  swing- 
ing branch.  The  swallow  builds  its  nest  of  mud, 
under  some  protecting  roof  or  rocky  cliff.  Some 
birds  take  no  pains  with  their  nests.  They  gather 
a  few  sticks  and  leaves  for  a  rude  nest,  or  even 
lay  their  eggs  in  some  hollow  in  the  rocks. 

We  should  not  wantonly  kill  the  birds  and  rob 
their  nests.  The  birds  are  happy  in  their  lives  as 
you  are  in  yours.  They  make  us  happy,  too,  with 
their  songs,  and  eat  many  worms  and  insects  which 
injure  our  fruit. 

QUESTIONS. 

Tell  how  birtls  differ  from  other  animals. 
What  birds  are  used  for  food? 

What  birds  ha\e   been  domesticated  ?      What   are    the    names  of 
some  of  these  birds? 

What  bird  is  used  to  carry  letters? 

Mention  some  common  kinds  of  fowl. 

Do  )'ou  suppose  our  hcnis  used  to  be  able  to  fly  long  distances? 

Do  tame  ducks  i\y  much? 

Do  )'ou   know  an}'  birds   that   make  their   nests  on   the  ground? 

Wh\-  do  man}'  birds  make   their  nests  in  trees? 

Xame  some  of  the  song  birds? 

Where  does  the  woodpecker  get  his  food? 

Is  the  bat  a  bird? 

Mention  some  water  birds. 

W'h}'  do  birds  gf)  north  in  the  spring  and  south  in  the  fall? 


YOUNG  VIRGINIA  DEER. 


SOMETHING    ABOUT    THE    WILD 
ANIMALS. 

Animals  are  not  at  all  like  plants.  The  plant 
spends  its  whole  life  in  the  spot  where  it  sprouted 
from  the  seed.  Its  roots  hold  it  firmly  in  (^ne  place. 
The  soil  may  be  poor  and  the  leaves  of  the  plant 
mav   i^^et  little  sunshine,  but  it  cannot  help  itself. 

Animals  go  from  one  place  to  another  for  their 
food.  Thev  live  where  thev  can  hn.d  i)lentv  to  eat 
and  are  well  protected  from  their  enemies. 

Plants  take  their  food  in  through  their  rocUs. 
lliey  breathe  by  means  of  their  lea\'es.  Animals 
ha\'e  a  mouth  for  eating.      The\'  ])reat]ie  with  lungs. 

Some  of  the  animals  get  their  food  tr(^m  plants. 


148 


HOME    GEOrxRAPIIY. 


Such  animals  have  flat  teeth  for  grinding  this  food. 
Many  animals  live  upon  those  animals  which  they 
can  catch  and  kill.     They  have  sharp  teeth  for  tear- 


ing flesh. 


9 

M^&        ^^K                                                   ^ 

YOUXC;   DEER. 


If  you  study  the  animals  you  will  find  that  each 
one  is  fitted  for  the  place  in  which  you  find  it. 
There  is  a  struggle  among  animals  for  food  just  as 
there  is  among  plants.  The  weaker  animals  choose 
their  homes  where  they  can  be  safest  from  the  attacks 
of  the  stronger  ones.      Because  of  these  things  many 


HOME    (iKOdUAlMlV. 


11  !> 


animals   have  conic  to  live  in   the  gronnd,  and  others 
in  the  trees. 

The  little  mole,  who  spends  all  of  his  time  in 
the  ground,  has  a  nose  for  digg-ing-  in  the  dirt.  It  is 
dark  there  and  he  has  no  use  for  his  eyes.      Now  he 


is  almost  blind,  but  his  grandfathers  a  long  time  ago 
lived  upon  the  top  of  the  ground  and  had  as  good 
eyes  as  any  animal. 

The  coN'ote  lives  in  the  open  plain  or  liillv 
country.  He  has  use  for  sharp  c\'es  and  ears  and 
long,  slender  legs.  He  has  a  sneaking  look  and 
such  a  funn\' l)ark  at  ni(du  and  morninsj'.      His  safetv 


150 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


is  in  l:>eing  able  to  run  fast.  He  is  fond  of  rabbits 
and  chickens.  The  coyote  is  very  cunning,  and  if 
you  are  looking  for  him  you  will  seldom  see  him. 

The  rabbit  is  a  timid  little  animal.      His  home 
is  in  the  bushes.     He  has  to  look  out  for  the  larger 


animals  who  would  eat  him  if  thev  could.  His  lomr 
ears  are  very  useful,  and  he  can  run,  too,  when  he 
tries. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  squirrels.  Some  eat 
nuts  and  make  their  homes  in  the  trees.  There  they 
are  safe  except  from  the  thoughtless  boy  with  his  gun. 
How  gracefully  they  run  up  and  down  the  trees  and 
jump  from  branch  to  branch. 


HOME  gp:()(;raimiy 


lol 


The  i^round  scjuirrcl  does 
not  care  for  trees.  His  food  is 
in  the  grainfields,  and  to  get  a 
safe  home  he  burrows  in  the 
ground.  Like  the  gophers  and 
prairie-dogs,  a  number  of  ground 
squirrels  form  a  colony  and  live 
in  a  little  village  together. 

In  places  their  holes  are  so 
thick  that  it  is  dangerous  to  ride 
over  the  ground  on  horseback. 
How  straight  they  sit  up  in 
front  of  their  holes !  Wdien 
alarmed  they  drop  out  of  sight  with  a  quick  whistle. 
Have  you  ever  seen  a  wildcat?  This  animal 
is  much  larger  than  the  house  cat.  It  has  a  yellow- 
ish color  and  short  tail.  Perhaps  you  have  seen 
little  kittens  spit  and  scratch.  Before  they  ha\'e 
been  handled  much  they  act  as  the  wild  kittens  do. 
The  wild  cat  cannot  run  like  the  coyote,  but  it  will 
fight  more  for  its  protection.  It  is  fond  of  rabbits, 
and  chickens  too. 

There  are  niany  animals  that  have  been  hunted 
so  much  they  are  seldom  seen.  Among  these  is  the 
bear.  We  find  it  now  only  in  the  wildest  {)laces 
where  few  people  go. 

In   the  fall  we  mav  see  them   around   the   berrv 


152 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


patches.  The  bears  love  blackberries  and  huckle- 
berries as  well  as  manzanita  berries  and  hazel  nuts. 
The  bear  sleeps  through  the  winter.  In  the  spring 
he  comes  out  of  his  den  very  thin  and  hungry. 


BEARS. 


How  beautiful  and  graceful  the  deer  are!  They 
have  good  noses  and  slender  legs.  By  these  means 
they  protect  themselves  from  the  most  of  the  other 
animals  except  man. 

Do  you  not  think  it  is  wrong  to  kill  the  deer 
for  sport  ?  They  enjov  life  as  well  as  wg  do.  They 
will  soon  be  gone  if  we  do  not  stop  hunting  them. 


HOME    GEOGliAPMY. 


If)  3 


QUESTIONS. 

How  do  animals  differ  from  plants? 

Mention   some  plant  eating  animals.      What  animals  cat   meat? 

What  kind  of  teeth  has  the  dog?      What  are  his  claws  for? 

Do  }-oii  know  any  animals  that  eat  both  animal  and  ])lant  food? 

What  kind  of  teeth  do  we  have?      What  is  our  food? 

Do  }-ou  know  any  plants  that  live  upon  the  juices  of  other 
plants? 

Can  you  imagine  why  the  mole  lives  in  the  ground? 

What  animals  lo\e  grain?      What  ones  eat  nuts? 

What  ones  ha\'e  slender  legs  for  running  awa}'  from  their 
enemies? 

What  kinds  of  food  do  bears  like  best? 

Wh\-  is  it  that  so  man\'  wild  animals  have  disappeared? 

I  low  shall  we  protect  the  animals? 

Do  \-ou  not  think  the  woods  would  be  lonesome  without  any  of 
the  wild  animals  or  birds? 


/"T^ 


TRAP-DOOR   SPIDKR. 


HOMES    OF    THE    ANIMALS. 

Every  animal  lives  where  it  can  get  the  kind 
of  food  that  it  likes.  Some  animals  stay  near  the 
same  place  the  whole  of  their  lives.  They  either 
store  up  food  for  the  winter,  or  go  to  sleep  in  some 
protected  place,  and  never  wake  until  spring. 

Other  animals  never  have  a  home.  They 
wander  here  and  there  in  search  of  food.  When 
winter  comes  they  seek  a  warmer  climate ;  in  spring 
they  return  toward  their  summer  feeding  grounds. 

Among  the  animals  that  never  have  permanent 
homes  are  the  wild   horses.     They  wander  in  bands 

154 


HOMK    GEOCiUAl'HV 


ir)5 


wherever  there  is  grass  and  water;  in  winter  they 
dig  the  snow  away  with  their  feet,  and  in  this  way 
reach  the  grass. 

The   little  colts   do   not    need  a  shelter.     They 
can  run  and  play  when  they  are  only  two  or  three 


THE   HOME   OF   THE   OKor.NI)   S(^)riRREL. 

days  old.  Their  mother  is  strong  and  watchful  and 
can  protect  them  from  the  co\H)tes  and  niountain 
lions. 

1  he  scjuirrel    has  a  snug   home  in  a  hollou'   tree. 


156 


homp:  geography. 


In  this  he  stores  a  supply  of  nuts  for  the  winter. 
The  little  squirrels  need  protection  and  they  are  safe 
within  the  tree.  If  the  supply  of  nuts  is  short  they 
go  to  sleep  until  spring. 


THE  HOME  OF  THE  ANT. 


You  have  all  seen  the  cozy  nest  of  the  mouse. 
The  young  mice  are  l^lind  and  helpless.  They  could 
not  live  without  the  protection  of  the  soft  nest  so 
cunningly  hidden  away.  Kittens  and  puppies  also 
need  a  snug  home  for  many  days. 

Some  of  the  homes  are  so  strange  !  The  wood 
rat  gathers   a  great    pile  of    twigs   under  which   his 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


157 


nest  is  made.  The  trap  door  spider  lives  in  a  little 
tube  in  the  ground.  The  tube  is  about  six  inches 
long  and  has  a  trap  door  at  the  upper  end.  The 
door  is  strong  and  hinged,  so  that  when  the  spider 
goes  home  it  will  shut  out  the  rain,  and  protect  him 
from  his  enemies. 


The  ants  build  homes  underground.  They 
seem  busy  all  of  the  time.  The  dirt  which  they 
take  from  the  underground  passage  ways  is  piled 
neatly  around  the  door. 

You  will  find  the  hermit  crab  among  the  rocks 
at  low^  tide.  He  carries  his  home  on  his  back. 
The   home   is   not   his   own,   but   one   he   has   stolen. 

When  he  is  in  need  of  a  new  house  he  finds  an 
empty  turban  shell  or  a  periwinkle  and  crawls  into 
it.      It    it   fits   he  staws   there.      How  funn\'  he   k^oks 


158 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


as  he  runs  around  with  the  clumsy  shell  upon  his 
back. 


BIRD'S   NEST   TXDKK   A   CI.IFK. 


Each  kind  of  bird  makes  a  different  nest.  The 
eagle's  nest  is  a  rude,  coarse  home  for  the  little  ones, 
but  the  humming  bird's  is  of  softest  down. 


HOME    GP:()GHAPIIY. 


159 


When  the  little  birds  grow  up  they  build  nests 
just  like  those  they  were  hatched  in.  The  mother 
birds  teach  them  in  some  way  so  that  they  never 
forget. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  is  the  use  of  a  home? 

Mention  some  animals  that  do  not  have  homes. 

Of  what  does  the  mouse  build  its  nest? 

Mention  some  animals  that  make  their  homes  in  the  ground. 

Mention  some   that  make  their  homes   under  stones  and   logs. 

What  is  the  home  of  the  bear  called?  What  does  the  bear  do 
in  the  winter? 

Where  do  birds  go  in  the  winter?  Are  there  an\'  that  stay 
with  us  through  the  winter? 


A   HOME  UNDER   A   ROCK. 


OUR    HOMES. 


A  long-  time  ago  people  did  not  have  beautiful 
homes.  Then  all  the  people  on  the  earth  were  rude 
and  savage.  They  wandered  from  place  to  place  for 
food,  and  were  like  the  other  animals  in  many  ways. 

What  sort  of  homes  do  you  suppose  these  sav- 
age people  had  ?  They  spent  hardly  as  much  time 
upon  their  shelters  as  the  birds  do  upon  their  nests. 
Some  of  them  lived  in  caves  which  they  found  in 
the  rocks.  Others  built  rude  huts  of  bark  or  reeds 
to  protect  them  from  the  cold  and  rain. 

People  chose  places  to  live  where  they  would 

160 


HOMK    (IKOCiUAl'HY 


u;i 


be  safe   from    the   wild   animals.     They  had   also   to 
defend  themselves  in  their  fig-hts  with  caeh  other. 

Then  hunting  and  fishing-  was  the  eliief  oceii[)a- 
tion  of  the  people,  and   they  had   to  go  where   there 


A    SIOXi;    CAlilX. 


was  game  to  be   fotinc 


they  could   raise  grain    and   ^'egetal)les   the\'  di( 


AXdien  the\'  disco\'ered  that 

1    not 

move   so   much.      Sta\-ing    longer  in   one   place   the)' 
built  better  homes. 

Ii\'erything   is   cpiite   difterent    now.      .V   part   of 
the   people    tipon    the    earth    ha\'e    become    ci\-ili/e(l. 


IN1)IAN   Home.- 


HOMK    GEOGKAPJIY. 


163 


Many  of  us  have  never  seen  savages  or  Indians. 
We  live  in  houses  which  have  cost  much  money  and 
work.      Lumber  and  stone  and  iron  are  used. 

We  do  not  have  to  move  from  one  place  to 
another  to  get  enough  to  eat.  People  who  live  far 
apart    exchange    goods    with    each    other.       Things 


CABIX   MADE   OF   ROCK   PAT.T. 


which  we  need  we  go  to  the  store  and  buy.  We  do 
not  ha\'e  to  travel  hundreds  of  miles  to  get  them. 

We  build  our  homes  for  protection  from  the 
weather.  We  fill  them  with  all  sorts  of  things. 
Some  of  these  are  to  be  used.  Others  are  to  make 
our  homes  beautiful.  We  do  n(^t  fear  wild  animals 
now.     We  do  not  fear  the  attacks  of  savages. 

Let    us    find     out    something    more    about    the 


n 

IJt' 

r 

^HBuHSte.'^r ' '*'*'^^^wa4^^«2££iSui^           ^^^ 

^^^^^^^^ 

^^.^ai^^^^^^^^l 

^  - 

J^^S^^^J^*^ 

^^^ 

^^^mi^^ 

'■^^P^^^ 

lUi^ii^ 

--'.  J\i-*:^-;-^i-'-' 

A   SOD   CABIN. 


A    LOC;   CABIN. 


HOME    (JEOGKAPHY. 


It;  5 


materials  that  our  homes  are  made  of.  Where  there 
are  many  trees  sawmills  are  put  up  to  cut  the  logs 
into  boards.  Where  there  are  no  sawmills  the 
houses  are  made  of  logs.  The  roof  is  often  made 
of  the   bark  of  trees. 


A    H()\IF.    IN     THK   (OrNTRNV 


Where  there  are  no  trees  or  lumber  to  be  had, 
the  houses  are  made  of  stone  or  adol)e.  There  are 
many  kinds  of  stone.     It  is  (juarricd  out  of  the  earth 

Adobe  bricks  are  made  1)\'  mixing  clay  and 
chopped  straw.      This  material  is  pressed  into  UK^lds 


166  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

and  then  left  in  the  sun  to  dry.  The  red  bricks 
which  you  have  seen  are  made  by  baking  a  mixture 
of  sand  and  clay. 

The  roofs  of  adobe  houses  are  often  made  of 
brush  on  which  mud  is  spread.  This  does  not  keep 
out  the  rain  very  well. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  sod  house?  Square  pieces 
of  grass  sod  are  cut  and  piled  up  like  bricks.  A 
dugout  is  a  house  made  partly  in  the  ground. 

What  would  you  think  of  a  house  made  of  salt? 
Away  in  the  desert  of  eastern  California  there  is  a 
neat  little  cabin  built  of  blocks  of  rock  salt. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  kind  of  houses  did  people  have  a  long  time  ago? 

Where  did  they  select  places  for  their  homes? 

How  did  their  homes  differ  from  those  of  some  of  the  other 
animals? 

Why  do  we  build  better  houses  to-day? 

Why  do  we  not  have  to  go  here  and  there  for  food? 

Have  you  ever  seen  the  home  of  an  Indian?  Of  what  was  it 
made? 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  log  cabin? 

What  is  a  dugout? 

Have  you  ever  been  in  a  cave?      How  would  it  do  for  a  home? 

What  is  rock  salt? 

Would  a  house  of  rock  salt  stand  long  where  it  rains  much? 
What  would  happen  to  the  house? 


INDIAN'   AND   HIS   CANOE. 


HOW    PEOPLE    USED    TO    TRAVEL. 


We  have  not  always  had  steamers  and  cars  to 
carry  us  about.  How  fast  they  take  us !  \Vc 
ahiiost  seem   to   fly  like  the   birds. 

It  was  only  a  few  years  ago  that  steamers  and 
cars  were  first  made.  Before  that  time  it  would 
have  taken  us  several  months  to  cross  our  country 
from  the  east  to  the  west.  Now  we  can  go  from 
the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  Pacific  ocean  in  a])out  four 
days. 

We  have  learned  that  a  long,  long  time  ago 
people  e\'erywhere  li\'ed  as  sa\'ages  do  to-da\'.  They 
did   not   ha\'e   the   nice   things   that  we   ha\'e.      They 

It;: 


168  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

could  not  take  long  journeys   because  they  had  to 
walk  wherever  they  went. 

Finally  some  of  these  people  who  lived  so  long 
ago  made  a  discovery.  They  discovered  what  all 
the  boys  know  who  live  near  a  pond  of  water.  They 
found  that  they  could  ride  upon  the  water  by  getting 
upon  a  piece  of  wood. 

They  soon  learned  to  make  canoes  out  of  logs. 
They  could  ride  in  the  canoes  and  keep  dry.  At 
first  poles  were  used  to  push  the  canoes  along. 
Then  they  made  paddles. 

These  people  who  lived  so  long  ago  we  call 
savages.  After  thev  had  discovered  how  to  ride  on 
the  water  traveling  became  easier.  They  went  up 
and  down  rivers  and  across  small  lakes.  They  were 
careful,  however,  not  to  get  too  far  from  land. 
Their  l^oats  were  small  and  could  not  stand  the 
great  waves  of  the  ocean. 

Have  you  ever  seen  the  graceful  canoes  which 
the  Indian  makes  to-day?  Along  the  coast  of  Alaska 
the  Indians  hew  their  canoes  out  of  great  cedar  logs. 
Some  of  the  canoes  are  large  enough  to  hold  fifty 
people. 

Some  of  the  Indians  of  the  North  make  their 
canoes  out  of  the  skins  of  animals.  Birch  bark 
canoes  are  light  and  pretty.  An  Indian  can  carry 
one  upon  his  back  for  a  long  distance. 


HOME    GE()(iKAriIY. 


169 


Did  you  ever  try  paddlini^  a  canoe?  Do  you 
not  think  it  is  hard  work?  We  are  sure  that  the 
Indian  was  very  happy  who  first  found  that  he  could 
make  the  wind  send  his  canoe  through  the  water. 

By  putting  up  a  little  piece  of  cloth  or  matting 
the  wind  would  make  the  canoe  go  faster  than   he 


HAI"1,1X(;    FKKUiHl"   liF.FOKK   THK   HAH, ROADS   WF.RF.    P.ril.T. 

could   paddle  it.      All   that  he  had  to  do  was  to  sit  in 
the  back  end  and  steer  it  with  his  paddle. 

While  thev  were  still  savages  our  grandfathers 
became  tired  of  carrying  things  on  their  backs  when 
they  made  journeys  over  tl\e  land.  Then  they 
thouurht  thev  miirht   make   use  of  some  of  the  wild 


170  HOME   GEOGRArHY. 

animals.  They  caught  the  wild  horse,  and  the 
camel,  and  the  elephant,  and  tamed  them.  These 
animals  are  very  intelligent,  and  they  soon  learned 
to  carry  heavy  loads. 

Where  there  were  great  plains  to  be  crossed  the 
camel  was  used.  This  animal  can  go  a  long  time 
without  water.  Where  there  were  few  streams 
people  traveled  mostly  by  land.  Where  there  were 
many  rivers  and  lakes  they  went  by  water. 

The  people  who  lived  long  ago  had  no  way  of 
crossing  the  high  mountains.  They  could  not  cross 
the  oceans  with  their  frail  boats.  They  could  not 
learn  about  the  world  as  we  can  now.  Would  you 
like  to  have  lived  then  ? 


QUESTIONS. 

What  animals  are  used  the  most  for  riding? 

What  is  the  fastest  animal  that  we  use? 

Are  there  any  wild  horses  in  our  country? 

W^hat  is  the  largest  animal  that  has  been  tamed? 

Where  are  elephants  found?      Describe  their  appearance. 

What  animals  are  used  in  the  North  for  hauling  sleds? 

What  are  oxen  used  for? 

Describe  some  of  the  ways  in  which  canoes  are  made. 

How  did  people  cross  rivers  before  they  had  boats? 

Mention  the  different  animals  used  for  carrying  loads. 


TRAVELING    TO-DAY. 


We  can  travel  now  as  far  in  one  day  as  people 
once  could  in  a  month.  We  can  sit  in  an  eas\^  chair 
in  a  car  and  be  as  comfortable  as  at  home.  The 
train  carries  us  across  the  rivers  and  throui^h  the 
mountains.      It  does  not  stop  for  anything. 

One  hundred  vears  a<»"o  there  were  no  railroads 

J  o 

and  onlv  a  few  wagon  roads.  People  did  not  then 
travel  as  much  as  they  do  now.  Trails  were  made 
first.  Over  these  they  could  walk  or  ride  horseback. 
Then  wagon  roads  were  made.  rhe\'  were  at  hrst 
very  rough  and  muddy  when  it  rained. 

171 


172 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


You  all  know  how  roads  are  graded  now.  If 
there  is  a  hill  in  the  path  of  a  road,  powder  is  used 
and  the  rock  is  blasted  away.  The  road  is  made  upon 
a  gentle  slope,  so  that  the  horses  can  pull  a  heavy 
load. 


A   ROAD   CUT   THROUGH    A   HU.h. 

Roads  are  made  smooth  and  hard  by  putting  on 
them  a  layer  of  crushed  rock  and  drawing  heavy 
rollers  over  the  rock.  Where  many  people  travel 
roads  are  sprinkled  so  that  they  will  not  become 
dusty. 

Many  railroads  have  been  built  through  the 
valleys  where  the  most  of  the  people  live.  They 
have  also   been    built   across    broad    deserts,  so  that 


HOME  (;p:()(;hai'Hy. 


173 


those  who  live  upon  opposite  sides  of  the  desert  can 
go  back  and  forth. 

Mountain      ranges     used     to     separate     people. 
Those  living  upon  one  side  did   not  know  anything 


ox   A   M(JUXTA1X   TRAIL 


about  the  other  side.  Lon^f  tunnels  have  been  ducf 
through  mountains,  so  that  now  we  can  cross  a 
mountain  as  easily  as  \\e  used  to  cross  a  plain. 

Great  steamers  mo\'e  over  the  oceans.  They 
are  much  swifter  and  more  comfortable  than  sailing 
vessels.  Steamers  do  not  have  to  wait  for  fa\'orable 
winds. 

Let  us   take  a  trip  from   the  citv  to  a   mine  in 


174  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

the  high  mountains.  We  shall  see  how  people 
travel  in  all  kinds  of  places. 

We  will  first  go  on  board  a  steamer  and  ride  up 
the  river  for  a  few  miles.  Our  steamer  does  not 
mind  the  wind,  and  it  can  move  against  the  current 
of  the  river.  The  steamer  is  like  a  floating  hotel. 
There  is  everything  on  it  that  we  need. 

As  soon  as  we  get  where  the  river  becomes 
shallow  the  steamer  has  to  stop.  Now  we  leave  it 
and  take  the  cars.  For  many  hours  the  engine  pulls 
our  train  through  a  nearly  level  country.  There  are 
many  people  living  here,  and  much  produce  to  be 
carried  back  and  forth. 

At  last  the  mountains  come  in  sight.  Now  the 
train  moves  more  slowly.  The  land  slopes  upward 
toward  the  mountains  and  the  engine  has  to  work 
hard.  How  it  puffs  as  the  train  winds  among  the 
hills  like  a  great  snake. 

By  and  by  we  reach  the  end  of  a  valley  and 
here  the  railroad  ends.  The  steep  mountains  rise 
all  around  us. 

We  leave  the  cars  wondering  what  we  shall 
ride  in  next.  We  are  not  long  in  finding  out.  Near 
by  stands  a  huge  stage  coach  with  six  horses  hitched 
to  it.  We  climb  in  and  the  driver  cracks  his  whip. 
Away  we  go  up  the  mountain  road.  Up  we  go  mile 
after  mile.     We  ride  along  the  sides  of  rocky  canons 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


175 


SO  deep  that  we  can  hardly  see  their  bottoms.  The 
road  is  rough  and  we  hold  tightly  to  the  stage  coach 
to  keep  from  being  thrown  off. 


At  last  we  come  to  the  end  of  the  road.  Now 
we  shall  surely  have  to  walk,  for  the  mine  where  we 
wish  to  go  is  higher  still.  No,  there  is  a  string  of 
mules  waiting  for  us.  Some  of  them  ha\'c  packs  on 
their  l^acks.      Others  are  saddled  for  us  to  ride. 

Now  we  are  off  again  through  the  mountain  air. 


176  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

We  go  very  slowly  now.  The  mules  are  careful  and 
pick  their  way  over  the  rocks  and  past  the  dangerous 
cliffs.  It  would  be  hard  work  to  build  a  railroad 
here. 

The  mine  is  reached  and  near  it  is  a  little  town. 
Here  the  miners  live  and  work.  If  we  wish  to  go 
farther  and  reach  the  very  top  of  the  mountains  we 
shall  have  to  walk. 

What  an  interesting  time  we  have  had.  In  one 
journey  we  have  traveled  in  many  different  ways. 


QUESTIONS. 


How  do  men  go  to  work  to  make  a  wagon  road? 

In  what  way  do  people  travel  where  there  are  few  roads? 

What  is  the  quickest  way  of  traveling? 

Mention  the  different  means  for  making  street  cars  go. 

What  are  paddle  wheels? 

How  are  goods  carried  across  land  where  there  are  no  railroads? 

Mention  other  ways  of  traveling  than  those  given  in  the  lesson. 

Where  do  we  find  the  most  railroads? 

Are  there  any  oceans  or  mountains  that  cannot  be  crossed? 

Where  are  stage  coaches  used? 


-^Rr- 


INDIaX    DI.-UK:- 


OCCUPATIONS. 

We  call  those  people  sa\'ages  who  lead  a  rude, 
wild  life.  The  Indian  is  a  savage.  His  life  is 
simple.  He  does  not  trade  much  and  has  few  occu- 
pations. Those  thing's  which  he  cannot  get  or  make 
himself,  he  goes  without. 

The  Indian  hunts  his  own  food.  He  makes  his 
clothing  from  the  skins  of  animals  which  he  has 
killed.  He  knows  how  to  build  a  rough  shelter  to 
protect  his  family  from  the  storm. 

Savages  live  very  much  as  animals  do.  When 
food  is  plenty  they  eat  all  they  can.  Wdien  food  is 
scarce  they  go  hungry.  Idiey  do  not  work  any  more 
than  is  necessary. 

Sa\'ages  do  not  store  up  food  as  we  do.  Thev 
have  \'ery  few  difierent  (Kcupations.  Thev  trade 
but   little  with   each   other. 

When    people   become  ci\'ilized    they    find    that 


178  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

they  need  many  more  things  than  they  did  before. 
There  are  so  many  different  things  to  be  done  that 
one  man  cannot  learn  to  do  them  all  well.  The 
father  cannot  find  time  to  raise  food  for  his  family, 
build  their  home,  and  make  their  clothes.  Because 
of  this  the  work  that  has  to  be  done  in  a  country 
is  divided  up  among  different  men.  Each  man 
picks  out  the  thing  that  he  likes  to  do  the  best 
and  spends  all  his  time  doing  that  thing. 

One  man  likes  to  use  tools  and  work  with  wood. 
He  becomes  a  carpenter  and  spends  his  time  build- 
ing houses  for  people  who  are  doing  other  things. 

Another  man  likes  to  work  in  the  ground.  He 
spends  all  his  time  raising  vegetables.  He  learns 
what  plants  will  grow  best  where  he  lives  and  just 
how  to  take  care  of  them.  You  can  easily  under- 
stand that  if  he  had  to  spend  much  of  his  time  mak- 
ing clothes  he  would  not  be  as  good  a  gardener. 
Another  man  who  has  a  taste  for  trading  takes  the 
vegetables  and  carries  them  from  house  to  house, 
selling  what  is  needed  in  each  place.  He  learns 
what  people  want  and  how  to  get  it  for  them. 

Some  men  are  fond  of  animals.  They  live  upon 
a  farm  or  ranch  and  raise  horses,  cattle  and  sheep. 
These  men  do  not  have  time  to  raise  grain  and  have 
it  made  into  flour.  They  get  flour  from  a  man  who 
makes  that  his  business. 


HOME    GEOGUAIMIY.  179 

The  tailor  knows  how  to  make  clothes.  He 
depends  upon  other  men  for  all  the  different  thin<^s 
which  he  needs  to  eat,  as  well  as  those  which  will 
make  his  home  beautiful. 

There  are  many  trades  and  occupations.  It 
would  take  a  long  time  to  name  them  all.  Each 
man  learns  to  do  one  thing.  He  can  make  his 
living  if  he  does  that  thing  well.  You  see  now  how 
it  is  that  work  is  divided.  Each  of  us  depends  upon 
others  for  the  most  of  the  things  which  we  want. 

You  will  be  successful  if  you  learn  to  do  one 
kind  of  work.  You  will  be  more  successful  if  you 
do  that  work  better  than  any  one  else  can.  Have 
you  heard  the  old  saying,  "  Jack  of  all  trades  and 
master  of  none"?     What  does  that  mean? 


OU]<:STI()NS. 


What  do  we  mean   by  a  savage?      Who  are  the  Indians? 

Do  }-ou  know  what  kind  of  homes  the}'  have? 

How  are  we  different  from  savages? 

What  kinds  of  work  do  you  think  the  Indian  does? 

Mention  sc^me  of  the  important  trades  or  occupations? 

What  kind  of  work  do  \'ou  hke  best? 

What  are  the  occupaticMis  of  people  near  where  you  h\"e? 

W  h}'  is  it  better  to  know  one  thing  well? 

What  kinds  of  work  are  carried   on  in  cities? 

What  work  do  most  people  in  the  country  cai'r}'  on? 

What  kind  of  work  is  dour  in  the  mountains? 

What  work  do  sailors  do? 


A   SCENK   OX   THE   -\ilS>I>Sl  I'IM. 


TRADIi    AND    COMMERCE. 


We  have  learned  that  the  savage  depends  upon 
himself  for  what  he  needs.      He  is  easily  satisfied. 

Would  vou  be  happy  to  change  places  with  an 
Indian  boy  and  live  as  he  does  ?  You  would  have 
only  those  things  to  eat  which  }'our  father  could  get 
with  his  own  hands.  You  would  have  verv  few 
playthings.  Can  you  tell  us  what  kinds  of  food 
would  be  left  in  your  home  if  someone  should  take 
awav  e\'ervthingf  that  was  not  raised  near  bv? 

If  all  the  pretty  and  useful  things  which  were 
brought  from  another  place  or  country  should  be 
taken  awav  from  your  home,  would  it  not  be  bare 
and  lonely  ? 

It  is  trade  and  commerce  which  makes  it  pos- 
sible for  us  to   ha\'e  so  manv  things.      If  vou  should 

181 


182  PIOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

travel  over  the  world  you  would  find  a  different  kind 
of  people  in  every  country  that  you  came  to.  You 
would  find  also  that  each  country  had  a  different 
climate.  Because  of  these  things  you  would  see 
many  fruits  that  you  do  not  have  at  home.  You 
would  see  people  dressing  in  strange  ways  and 
making  strange  things. 

A  long  time  ago  all  people  were  wild  and  sav- 
age like  the  Indians.  They  did  not  travel  farther 
than  was  necessary  to  get  something  to  eat.  Those 
living  on  one  side  of  the  ocean  did  not  know  that  on 
the  other  side  there  were  people  who  had  many 
things  that  were  very  pretty  and  useful. 

As  people  slowly  became  civilized  they  traveled 
farther.  They  crossed  the  high  mountains,  and  the 
broad  oceans.  Then  those  living  in  different  parts 
of  the  world  began  to  learn  about  each  other,  and 
how  much  it  would  be  to  their  advantage  to  trade 
and  make  exchange. 

In  warm  countries  they  raised  more  rice  and 
oranges  than  were  needed  at  home.  Some  of  these 
things  were  exchanged  for  apples  and  grain  froni  the 
cooler  countries. 

In  one  country  they  raised  silkworms  and  made 
beautiful  clothes.  In  another  country  were  many 
sheep,  and  there  woolen  clothes  were  used.  In  still 
another  region  they  raised  cotton. 


HOME    (iKOCillArHY. 


\H'A 


As  people  became  acquainted  with  their  neig-h- 
bors  they  began  to  exchange  those  things  of  which 
they  had  an  abundance  for  others  which  they  did 
not  have.  In  this  manner  trade  and  commerce 
began. 


Now  a  great  many  people  spend  all  their  time 
carrying  goods  from  one  part  of  the  earth  to  another. 
Thev  bring  us  many  things  which  we  enjov  greath'. 
They  carry  to  other  people  be\'ond  the  ocean  the 
fruit  which  we   raise  and   the  things  which  we  make. 

Railroad  trains  and  steamers  g(^  all  o\'er  the 
world.       The     people    in     the     farthest     islands    are 


184  HOME    aEOGKAPHY. 

becoming  acquainted  with  us.  They  want  our 
clothes  and  machines.  We  want  the  pretty  things 
which  they  make  or  the  fruit  which  they  raise. 

QUIvSTIONS. 

What  is  trade  or  commerce? 

What  is  made  near  your  home  and  shipped  away? 

What  does  the  farmer  raise  near  }-<)ur  home? 

Wliat  do  }ou  cat  that  is  brought  from  across  the  ocean? 

What  things  in  your  home  came  from  another  country? 

What  fruits  are  brought  from  the  South? 

What  do  we  ship  to  the  people  in  Alaska?  What  do  they  raise 
in  Alaska? 

What  is  the  chief  occupation  in  Alaska? 

What  do  we  drink  that  comes  from  the  East? 

Could  you  live  upon  what  is  raised  near  your  home?  Mention 
the  important  things. 

What  arc  people  called  who  buy  and  sell  ? 

How  are  goods  carried  from  one  country  to  another? 


) 

^Hi^H 

■.i                 ■■    ^''  '  ,r'      .**  ■  . 

t-^-  ,^  m 

<»,'       J 

Wf^^^m 

N 

'1r 

wm 

Mmf          <-•  ^?^-    '■=^^^-  ^'• 

^^^^^^^iin  '-gjriniirnF   ''-^f^^fe. 

z ...... 

H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^L 'V    >    - 

^S^^?|| 

Nfel.:r!i^ 

^^^^^'  . 

AN   INDIAN    FISH-TRAP 


HUNTING    AND    FISHINCx. 

A  long  time  ago  people  lived  mostly  by  hunting 
and  fishing.  Every  man  had  his  bow  and  arrows 
and  when  he  became  hungry  killed  \\hat  animals  he 
needed  for  food.  He  caught  fish  by  means  of  traps 
made  of  sticks  woven  together.  1  hese  he  placed  in 
a  stream  where  there  was  a  rapid  or  waterfall. 

When  people  became  ci\'ilized  they  did  not 
depend  so  much  upon  hunting  and  fishing  for  their 
food.  They  tamed  some  of  the  wild  animals  and 
raised  large  herds   and  flocks.     They  also  disco\ered 


;8(i  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

that  many  wild  plants  could  be  made  to  furnish  food 
when  they  were  cultivated. 

We  have  much  better  weapons  for  killing  wild 
animals  than  our  grandfathers  had  a  long  time  ago. 
Our  guns  have  destroyed  the  animals  so  rapidly  that 
in  many  places  very  few  are  left. 

We  have  also  invented  great  nets  and  sharp 
hooks  to  catch  fish,  so  that  in  many  streams  the  fish 
are  nearly  gone.  The  ocean,  however,  is  so  large 
that  we  can  never  catch  all  the  fish  out  of  it. 

Is  it  not  wrong  to  kill  the  animals  and  birds  for 
sport  ?  Our  grandfathers  killed  them  only  when 
they  were  hungry.  Our  \\T)rld  would  be  rather 
lonely  without  the  pretty  birds  and  graceful  animals. 
We  must  protect  them  instead  of  wastefully  destroy- 
ing them. 

llie  most  of  the  meat  which  is  now  used  for 
food  is  supplied  by  animals  that  have  been  tamed. 
Food  is  only  one  of  the  many  useful  things  which 
the  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep  afford  us. 

Streams  where  much  fishing  is  done  are  now 
supplied  with  young  fish  from  places  called  hatch- 
eries. In  such  places  fish  are  collected  and  their 
spawm  or  eggs  saved.  When  the  eggs  are  hatched 
the  little  fish  are  sent  to  those  streams  where  they 
are  needed. 

The  most  of  the  men  whose  occupation  is  fish- 


HOME    GEOryliAPIIY. 


187 


ing  live  by  the  large  lakes  or  along  the  ocean.  They 
spend  their  whole  lives  catching  fish  for  the  market. 
A  part  of  the  fish  which  they  catch  is  sold  fresh. 
Some  kinds  of  fish  are  canned.  Others  are  salted 
and  dried. 


A   FISH-WHEEL   ON   THE   COI.T-MP.IA    RIVER. 

The  life  (^f  the  fisherman  is  a  hard  cne.  He 
has  to  be  out  in  the  rain  and  storm.  He  often 
spends  days  without  catching  anything. 

The  whale  and  seal  are  hunted  in  the  far  north 
where  the  most  of  these   animals   make   their   home. 


188  HOME    GKOGHAIMIY. 

The  life  of  the  whaler  is  more  dangerous  than  that 
of  the  fisherman.  He  has  to  stay  in  the  Arctic  ocean 
and  among  the  icebergs  for  many  months.  Many 
whaling  ships  have  been  caught  and  crushed  in  the 
ice. 

We  can  no  longer  depend  upon  wild  animals 
for  our  food,  as  people  did  long  ago.  There  are 
more  people  in  the  world  now  and  many  of  the 
animals  which  were  abundant  once  have  all  been 
killed. 

Some  are  found  now  in  only  a  few  places. 
These  will  soon  be  gone  if  we  do  not  take  better 
care  of  them. 

Birds,  animals,  and  fish  furnish  us  many  things 
that  we  need.  We  cannot  do  without  them.  They 
also  help  make  our  world  a  pleasant  place  in  which 
to  live. 

QUESTIONS. 

Can  you   mention  some  of  the  animals    that  our    grandfathers 
used  to  hunt? 

Mention  the  most  important  animals  that  have  been  tamed? 

What  ones  supply  us  with  meat? 

What  wild  birds  have  been  tamed? 

What  do  these  birds  now  supply  us  with? 

Mention  some  of  the  things  obtained  from  the  whale. 

What  fish  are  canned?      What  ones  salted  and  dried? 

What  animals  are  hunted  near  \'our  home? 


^^-     FARMING. 


Who  is  it  that  raises  our  corn  and  wheat  ? 
Who  is  it  that  comes  to  town  with  fat  chickens  and 
bright  red  apples  ?  We  call  him  the  farmer,  and  his 
work  farmin"". 

We  think  there  is  no  nicer  place  than  a  pretty 
farm  to  spend  a  part  of  the  summer.  There  we  can 
get  fresh  l)utter  and  milk  and  pure  water.  We  have 
such  happy  times  romping  in  the  fields  and  wT)ods. 
There  are  no  narrow  streets  and  tall  buildings  to 
shut  out  the  sun.  The  work  of  the  farmer  is  hard, 
l)ut  he  has  the  bright,  happy  world  about  him. 

Idle  farmer  bov  often  thinks  the  farm  is  not  a 
pleasant  place.  lie  wants  to  go  to  the  city,  lie 
fon'cts   how  much  he  would   lose  if  he  left  the  farm. 


i^ 


He  has  around  him  the  birds  and  animals,  and  green 


190 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


trees.      He  can  go  swimming    and   fishing.      In   the 
city  he  would  be  like  a  bird  in  a  cage. 

There  are  many  different  kinds  of  farming.  In 
one  place  the  soil  and  climate  make  fine  apples. 
There  the  country  is  dotted  with  orchards 


PLOWING. 


In  another  place  where  the  land  is  moist  there 
are  great  meadows.  There  upon  the  meadows  are 
thousands  of  cattle  feeding.  This  is  where  butter 
and  cheese  are  made. 

In  the  hot  valleys  where  the  summers  are  long 
and  dry  there  are  miles  and  miles  of  vineyards. 
Here  they  make  raisins  by  drying  the  grapes  in  the 
sun.      From    the    juice   of    the  grapes    wine  is  made. 


HOMK    GEOGHAl'HY. 


191 


Upon  the  plains  and  prairies  we  find  wheat 
fields  stretching  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach.  How 
pretty  the  grain  looks,  when   nearly  ripe,  waving   in 


.STACKING    HAV. 


the  afternoon  breeze.  From  these  fields  the  grain, 
after  being  ground  into  flour,  is  shipped  to  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

Near  the  cities  there  are  extensive  gardens 
\vhere  many  people  are  emploved.  Piach  morning 
some  one  comes  to  our  doors  l^ringing  berries  and 
\'c<jetables  fresh  from  these  gardens. 

1  he  best  farms  are  where  the  soil  is  deep  and 
there  is  plenty  of  water.  In  most  places  it  rains 
enough  so  that  the  farmer  can  raise  all  he  wishes. 
In   other    phices    ditches    man\'  miles    long    are   dug. 


192  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

Through    these,  water   is   led  from   some   river,  and 

then  allowed   to  flow  over  the   land.     This  is  called 
irrigation. 


AX   IRRIGATING   DITCH 


In  selecting  a  farm  we  think  that  the  kind  of 
soil  is  important.  Water  is  even  more  important. 
Without  water  the  richest  soil  would  be  only  a 
desert. 


HOME    rxKOOKAPHY. 


193 


QUESTIONS. 


What  arc  the  advanta<;c.s  of  H\ing  on  a  farm? 

Where  would  you  look  for  a  farm,  in  the  willey  or  on  the 
mountain?     Wli\'? 

Mention  some  of  the  grains  which  the  farmer  raises. 

What  is  necessary  to  make  a  gocxl  farm  > 

What  do  the  farmers  raise  near  3-our  home? 

Of  what  use  are  meadows? 

\\  hat  kinds  of  work  does  the  farmer  bo\'  have  to  do? 

How  do  farmers  raise  fruits  and  vegetables  where  it  does  not 
rain  ? 

Would  \-ou  rather  li\e  on  a  farm  or  in  a  cit\'?      Whv? 


COWBOY. 


STOCK    RAISINCz. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  our  country  the  farms 
are  small.  Each  farmer  raises  a  few  horses,  cattle, 
and  perhaps  sheep. 

In  the  west  the  farms  or  ranches  are  often  very 
large.  They  reach  for  miles  and  miles  across  the 
plains  and  over  the  mountains.  Upon  these  large 
ranches  they  often  raise  nothing  but  stock. 

The  farmer  in  the  east  keeps  his  cattle  in  a 
little  field  called  a  pasture.  He  may  drive  them  to 
the  barnyard  every  night. 

1!)4 


HOME  (;i:()(;kai'Hv 


i;»r» 


The  land  over  which  the  cattle  wander  upon 
the  ^reat  stock  ranches  is  called  the  ran^e.  The 
men  who  look  after  the  cattle  are  called  cowboys  or 
vaqueros.  Few  people  live  upon  these  lar^e  ranches 
and  the  cattle  become  almost  as  wild  as  deer. 


A  Rorxi)  i;i'. 


Once  a  year  the  cattle  are  rounded  up.  The 
cow-boys  ride  oxer  the  ranch  on  horseback  and 
gather  all  the  cattle  in  a  great  bunch.  It  often  takes 
them  manv  davs  to  do  this. 

The  steers  that  are  full  grown  are  separated  in 
order  to  be  dri\-en  away  to  market.  The  little  Ccdx'cs 
are  marked  with  a  hot  iron  so  that  it  ma\-  l)e  known 


196 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


to  whom  they  belong.  This  is  called  branding. 
What  a  bellowing  the  calves  and  their  mothers 
make.  The  cattle  are  afraid  of  men  on  horseback, 
but  it  is  not  safe  to  go  among  them  on  foot. 

In   some  parts  of  the  west  there  are  bands  of 


^«M-*< 


^,4-,  !^?;~ 


A   FI.OCK   OF   SHEKP. 


wild  horses.  They  have  escaped  from  ranches  and 
after  many  years  become  very  wild. 

How  full  of  life  they  appear  as  they  dash  across 
the  plains.  These  horses  are  often  called  mustangs. 
They  are  so  wild  that  it  is  difficult  to  break  them  to 
ride. 

Sheep    and    goats    are   not    allowed    to  wander 


HOME   GEOGKAPIIY.  197 

alone  as  the  cattle  do.  They  would  be  destroyed  by 
the  coyotes  and  mountain  lions. 

The  sheep  are  divided  up  so  that  there  are  one 
thousand  to  three  thousand  in  each  band.  A  man 
called  a  herder  has  charge  of  each  band.  With  his 
shepherd  dogs,  who  are  very  intelligent  and  trained 
to  do  whatever  is  needed,  the  herder  keeps  the  sheep 
together.  At  night  they  are  driven  into  a  corral 
where  they  will  be  safe  from  the  wild  animals. 

Wherever  you  find  a  band  of  sheep  in  the 
mountains  of  the  west  you  are  sure  to  see  a  herder 
watching  them.  There  he  goes  as  the  sheep  feed 
along.  He  has  a  canteen  upon  his  shoulder  for 
carrying  water,  and  a  donkey  by  his  side.  The  don- 
key carries  his  food  and  blankets. 

In  this  way  the  man  follows  the  sheep  from 
place  to  place  through  the  summer.  The  life  of  a 
sheep  herder  is  a  very  lonely  one. 

Once  or  twice  a  year  the  sheep  are  washed  and 
sheared.  The  wool  is  packed  in  bales  and  shipped 
to  market. 


198  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

QUESTIONS. 

How  do  the  vaqueros  catch  the  wild  horses  and  cattle? 

Why  are  the  cattle  so  wild  upon  the  large  ranches? 

Would  our  milk  cows  become  wild  if  they  were  turned  loose  in 
tli€  mountains? 

What  uses  are  made  of  the  different  parts  of  the  sheep  ? 

Why  are  not  the  sheep  allowed  to  run  loose? 

Of  what  use  are  goats? 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  band  of  sheep?  How  do  the  herdeis 
drive  them? 

Why  do  they  brand  the  calves? 

In  what  different  wa\s  is  meat  preserved  ? 

What  names  are  given  to  the  flesh  of  the  pig? 

Do  you  know  what  the  food  of  the  pig  is? 


l.OGCIXi;    WITH    HORSKS. 


LUMBERING. 

Do  you  know  where  the  lumber  came  froir. 
which  was  used  in  making"  your  house?  The  Ijoard'- 
and  beams  have  an  interesting"  storv  to  tell. 

They  were  once  a  part  of  some  tall  pine  trees  in 
a  dense  forest.  The  forest  covered  many  miles  of 
the  steep  mountain  sides. 

For  many  years  the  forest  stood  there.  Iiacli 
year  the  trees  grew  a  little  larger  and  taller.  Perhaps 
you  have  seen  the  rings  in  a  saw  log.  Idiese  show 
the  number  of  years  that  the  tree  has  been  growing 
One  ring  represents  a  year. 


SAWING   BIG   PINES   IN   OREGON. 


HOMK  gp:()(;rai'iiy. 


201 


The  older  trees  of  the  forest  partly  decayed,  and 
the  winter  storms  threw  them  to  the  g'round.  Each 
year  some  of  the  nuts  in  the  pine  cones  escaped  the 
eyes  of  the  watchful  squirrels.  Some  of  these  nuts 
became    covered    in    the    earth    and    sprouted,   soon 


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LOGGiN(;  wrni  oxkx. 


forming"  Ijaby   pines.      The   little   pines   slowh'   i^rcw 
up  and  took  the  places  of  the  older  trees. 

At  last  son^ie  men  found  the  forest  The  trees 
suited  them  and  thcv  sent  other  men  \\\i\\  saws  and 
axes   to  cut   the  trees   down.      After   being  cut   d(n\n 


CHOPPING    DCJWN   A   BIG   TREE. 


HOME    r.KorjllAl'HY. 


203 


they  were  sawed  into  lo^^'-.s.  When  the  snow  came 
oxen  were  hitched  to  great  sleds,  and  the  h)g"s  were 
hauled  to  the  bank  of  the  nearest  ri\x'r. 

In   the  spring  when   the   snow   melted,  and   the 
river  rose,  the  h^gs  were  rolled  into  the  water.     Away 


SAW   MII.l.   AND   r.OOM    ol'   ].(Ki 


thev  went  in  great  numbers  almost  hiding  the  ri\er. 
The  loers  floated  down  the  river  for  miles  and  at  last 
stopped  at  a  big  dam  before  a  sawmill. 

Then  one  by  one  tlie  logs  were  pulled  out  i)(  the 
water  and  run  into  the  mill.  How  interesting  the 
machiner\'  is.  It  picks  up  each  log  as  easily  as 
you   would    a    little    stick.      \^ery  soon   the    buzzing 


204 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


saws  have  changed   the  rough  logs  to  smooth,  clean 
boards. 

Railroads  are  now  built  into  the  forests  and  the 
logs  are  hauled  out  on  the  cars.     The  sawmills  are 


A   i.rMr.KR   ii.r.MK 


placed  where  the  lumber  can  be  shipped  to  market 
easily.  They  are  sometimes  upon  a  bay  by  the 
ocean.  Sometimes  they  are  upon  a  river  if  the  river 
is  large  enough  for  boats  to  come  up  to  the  mill. 

How  do  you  suppose  the  lumber  is  shipped  to 
market  from  the  sawmills  high  up  in  the  mountains? 


HOME    rxEOGRAPFIY.  205 

The  lumbermen  build  what  is  called  a  flume.  This 
is  a  V-shaped  trou^^h  made  of  planks.  The  flume  is 
extended  aiound  the  mountain  sides  and  along  the 
canons  for  many  miles.  It  is  made  to  slope  enough 
so  that  the  water  will  run  through  it  swiftly.  When 
everything  is  ready  water  is  turned  into  the  flume. 
The  lumber  is  thrown  into  the  water,  and  away  it  is 
carried,  mile  after  mile,  until  it  reaches  the  end  of 
the  flume.     There  it  is  placed  upon  boats  or  cars. 

We  ought  to  be  careful  of  our  beautiful  forests. 
They  have  been  many  years  in  growing.  They 
shelter  the  birds  and  the  animals.  They  protect  the 
soil  from  drying  out. 

It  takes  so  many,  many  years  for  a  little  pine  to 
become  a  great  tree,  that  if  we  are  not  careful  of  the 
forests  they  will  soon  be  gone.  We  should  guard 
our  forests  well,  and  set  out  young  trees  as  fast  as 
we  cut  the  old  ones  down. 


our:sTi()xs. 

How  does  wood  look  when  it  is  deca}'inf:j? 

Describe  the  \va\'  in  which  the  cones  hold  the  little  nuts. 

Why  should  we  be  careful  of  the  forests? 

How  many  \-ears  do   \'ou  suppose  it  takes  a  lars^e  tree  to  ^row 

Mention  all  the  different  kinds  of  trees  used  for  lumber. 

What  is  the  kind  most  commonK'  used  ? 

Where  did  the  lumber  in  \-our  house  come  from? 

Describe  what  \ou  ha\'e  scxmi  in  the  woods. 


THE    COUNTRY    STORE. 

Perhaps  you  live  in  the  country.  If  you  do,  you 
can  tell  us  something  about  the  store  near  by. 

The  store  is  the  centre  of  the  little  world  in 
which  you  live.  There  the  stage  brings  the  mail. 
There  your  father  goes  to  buy  the  sugar,  flour  and 
many  other  things  which  you  need. 

Can  you  tell  why  the  store  was  put  where  it  is  ? 
Look  around  carefully  and  perhaps  you  can  discover 
the  reason.  If  you  learn  to  understand  the  little 
world  about  your  home  it  will  help  to  make  interest- 
ing the  study  of  the  large  world  which  lies   beyond. 

We  see  first  that  the  store  is  upon  a  corner 
where  two  roads  cross  each  other.  It  was  placed 
here  so  that  it  could  be  reached  easily  by  the  people 
living"  near  bv. 

You  would  not  look  for  a  store  where  there 
were  no  people.  People  live  mostly  in  valleys  where 
the  climate  is  pleasant  and  the  soil  is  rich. 

If  many  people  come  to  live  in  the  country  near 
the  store  there  will  be  much  buying  and  selling. 
All  of  the  business  cannot  be  carried  on  in  one  store 
and  a  little  town  may  grow  up. 


iioMK  (;k()(;kaimiv.  207 

There  will  l)e  a  post-office  in  one  hiiildini;,  a 
dry-goods  store  in  another,  and  a  hotel  in  still 
another.  There  will  have  to  be  a  blacksmith  shop, 
and  a  school  house  and  perhaps  a  church.  Many 
people  will  come  to  sell  what  they  have  raised,  and 
get  other  things  in  exchange. 

Thus  we  see  that  a  little  store  well  situated  for 
trade  may  be  the  beginning  of  a  town. 

There  are  other  places  in  which  a  town  ma}^  be 
built.  A  mill  is  placed  near  a  waterfall  in  the  ri\'er. 
People  come  to  the  mill  to  have  their  grain  made 
into  flour.  A  post-office  is  started  there  and  finally 
a  school.  If  the  water  power  is  good  the  town  may 
at  last  grow  to  be  a  city. 

A  town  mav  also  grow  up  where  there  is  a 
mine.  Such  a  town  does  not  depend  upon  fertile 
land  or  mills  to  bring  people.  The  mine  may  be  a 
coal  mine.  Coal  is  needed  for  many  purposes  and 
people  will  go  almost  anywhere  to  get  it. 

You  may  also  find  a  store  ui)on  a  ba}'  b\'  the 
ocean.  Idie  bay  offers  protection  to  the  fishermen. 
They  bring  their  hsh  to  the  store  to  be  shipped 
away  and  get   their  supplies  in  return. 

If  the  water  of  the  bay  is  deep  large  ships  will 
come  in  to  unload  and  the  business  carried  on  will 
make  a  tov\n. 

You  will   alwavs   hnd   that   there  is  a  reason    tor 


208  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

the  store  or  town  being  placed  where  it  is.  This  is 
either  because  of  fertile  lands  near  by  or  because  of 
water  power,  or  mining,  or  easy  communication  with 
the  country  around,  or  of  trade  with  other  parts  of 
the  world. 

QUESTIONS. 

Is  your  home  near  a  store?  Why  was  the  store  placed  where 
it  is? 

What  business  is  carried  on  in  the  store? 

Mention  some  of  the  things  which  the  farmers  bring  to  the 
store  to  sell. 

What  do  the  farmers  buy  at  the  store? 

Why  is  a  mill  often  placed  by  a  waterfall? 

Why  do  you  sometimes  find  a  store  upon  a  river  or  bay? 

Would  you  expect  to  find  a  store  far  from  where  people  live? 

Where  do  you  find  the  greater  number  of  people,  in  the  valleys 
or  upon  the  mountains? 

Mention  some  of  the  different  occupations  in  a  town. 


SOMETHING    ABOUT    A    CITY. 

A  city  is  a  collection  of  many  people  and  houses. 
Why  do  so  many  people  live  in  one  place?  What 
can  all  of  them  find  to  do  ? 

We  have  alreadv  learned  that   towns   i'Tow  ui) 

J  O  1 

where  there  is  opportunity  to  trade.  The  town  ma\' 
l)e  found  in  the  \'alley,  l^y  the  river,  or  \\\)Ow  the 
ocean  shore. 

The  town  will  gro\v  and  at  last  become  a  cit\'  it 
it  is  situated  where  manufacturing  can  be  carried  on, 
and  goods   received   and   shipped   far  o\er  the  earth. 

We  will  suppose  that  there  was  a  little  town  in 
a  rich  vallev  near  the  mouth  o{  a  larere  ri\'er.     X'essels 

o 


210 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


from  across  the  ocean  came  into  the  harbor  and 
unloaded  their  cargoes.  Steamers  were  made  to 
carry  freight  up  and  down  the  river,  and  railroads 
were  built  through  the  valleys. 

The  farmers  sent  their  grain,  fruit,  and  cattle  to 
the  town,  because  they  could  do  so  easily.      From 


A   SCEXK   IN'   XEW   ORI.F.AXS. 


the  town  the  steamers  could  carry  these  things  to  all 
parts  of  the  earth. 

The  town  was  such  a  good  place  for  trade  and 
commerce  that  more  and  more  people  came  there 
and  found  work.  Finally  manufactories  of  many 
kinds  were  started.  Clothing  and  shoes  could  be 
made  there  cheaply.  Mills  were  erected  to  grind 
the    grain.     Great    shops  were    needed    for    making 


HOME    GEOGUAPHY. 


211 


machinery.     Ships   were    built    to    helj)    in   carrying 
goods  back  and  forth. 

We  see  now  that  there  are  many  kinds  of  work 
going  on.  As  people  continue  to  come,  the  work 
increases.  Our  little  tow^n  has  at  last  become  a 
great  city. 


A   SCF.XK    IX    XKAV   YORK    Cl'l'V. 


What  a  noise  and  commotion  there  is  !  Rail- 
road trains  are  <>"oin«>'  and  ccMiiin^'.  Boats  arc  sailini^ 
in  and  out  of  the  bav.  We  can  see  smoke  rising 
trom  hundreds  of  great  chimncws.  Men  are  at  work 
making  things  for  the  use  of  people  all  over  the 
world. 

The  land  where  the  cit\-  stands  has  become  xerv 


212  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

valuable.  Many  of  the  buildings  have  been  made  so 
high  that  we  are  almost  afraid  that  they  may  tumble 
over  some  time. 

The  streets  are  crowded  with  cars  and  teams, 
and  mingled  in  all  this  confusion  there  are  thousands 
of  people.  Some  are  going  one  way,  some  another. 
They  all  have  work  of  some  kind  to  do. 

People  will  not  come  and  make  a  great  city 
where  there  are  no  rich  lands,  or  bays  for  ships  to 
anchor  safely  in.  Cities  grow  up  where  there  are 
the  best  opportunities  to  carry  on  trade  and  manu- 
facture goods. 

The  position  of  the  city  is  determined  by  the 
character  of  the  land,  the  river,  and  the  sea  coast. 

QUESTIONS. 

Tell  us  some  things  about  an}'  cit}'  that  you  have  seen. 

W'h}-  was  the  cit}'  built  where  it  is? 

How  arc  goods  sent  away  from  the  cit\',  b}-  land,  or  river,  or 
ocean  ? 

What  kinds  of  work  have  }'ou  seen  going  on  in  the  city? 

Do  \-ou  think  the  cit\"  is  a  good  place  in  which  to  li\-e?  If  so, 
wh\-  ^ 

liow  do  people  travel  in  a  cit}'? 

W'h}'  are  the  buildings  made  so  tall? 

Of  what  different  materials  are  the  buildings  made? 


cuTTixc;  su(;ar  cane. 


THE    MAKINc;    OF    SUOAR. 


Where  does  our  sugar  come  from  ?  Does 
Nature  prepare  it  for  us,  or  do  we  ha\'e  to  work 
hard  and   h)m>'  to  <>et  it? 

The  little  boy  from  the  south  knows  something 
about  sugar,  lie  sa\'s  that  it  is  made  from  the 
sugar   cane.      Another  bo\'  who   li\'es   in   a   northern 


214 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


valley  says  that  it  is  made  from  sugar  beets.  He 
has  seen  the  beets  growing  over  hundreds  of  acres. 
A  third  boy  whose  home  is  among  the  wooded  hills 
of  the  northern  states  has  never  seen  the  sugar  cane. 
He  has  helped  the  men  make  sugar  from  the  sap  of 


LOADING  SUGAR  CANE  OX  TRUCKS. 


the  maple  tree.  He  thinks  that  maple  sugar  is 
better  than   any  of  the  other  kinds   of  sugar. 

Each  little  boy  knew  something  about  sugar, 
but  not  all. 

Much  of  the  sugar  which  we  use  is  made 
from  the  juice  of  the  sugar  cane.  The  growing 
sugar   cane   looks   something   like  stalks    of    Indian 


HOME    GKOGUAIMIY.  215 

corn.  If  you  could  bite  a  young  stalk  of  sugar  cane 
you  would  then  understand  how  sweet  its  juice  is. 

The  juice  is  obtained  from  the  cane  by  pressing 
it  between  heavy  rollers.  The  sweet  licjuid  is  then 
purified  and  evaporated.  By  this  we  mean  that  the 
water  is  driven  off  until  there  is  left  only  a  dark, 
thick  syrup.  The  sugar  crystallizes  from  the  syrup 
just  as  salt  does  from  water.  Put  a  little  salt  in  a 
dish  of  water.  When  the  water  has  nearly  dried  up 
crystals  of  salt  will  commence  to  form  around  the 
edi.{e  of  the  basin. 

After  the  sugar  has  crystallized,  the  syrup  that 
is  left  is  given  another  name.  It  is  called  molasses. 
The  sugar  is  not  white  at  first.  It  has  to  go 
through  many  processes  before  it  comes  out  white 
and  granular  and  ready  for  use  upon  our  tables. 

We  ha\'e  all  seen  beets  growing  in  the  garden 
and  have  often  eaten  them.  You  would  hardly 
think  that  thev  contained  much  sugar.  Beets  grow 
best  in  the  dark  rich  soil  of  the  temperate  climate. 

It  is  much  more  difficult  to  cret  the  suiiar  from 
beets  than  it  is  from  sugar  cane.  The  beets  after 
being  dug  are  carried  in  wagons  to  the  mill  or 
factory.  There  they  are  washed  and  then  crushed. 
The  juice  obtained  is  treated  in  manv  different  wa\'s. 
At  last  it  comes  out  as  white  sugar  which  \'(H1  can 
hardlv  tell  from  cane  su<'ar. 


216 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


The  children  of  cold  climates  are,  I  am  sure, 
most  interested  in  maple  sugar.  The  sap  of  many 
trees  is  sweet  to  the  taste,  but  that  of  the  maple  tree 
is  best  of  all. 

In  the  spring  the  trees  begin  to  awake  from 
their  winter  sleep.  The  sun  warms  the  air;  and 
the  warm  air  sends  the  sap  up  again  from  the  roots 
through  the  trunk  and  branches.  Soon  the  buds 
will  swell  and  the  leaves  will  come  out. 

When  the  sap  first  begins  to  flow  up  the  tree- 
trunks  men  go  into  the  woods  and  bore  holes  in  the 
trees.  Then  they  drive  spouts  into  the  holes.  The 
spouts  carry  the  sap  away  and  let  it  fall  drop  by 
drop  into  pails  which  are  placed  underneath. 

When  the  pails  are  full 
they  are  carried  to  a  great 
kettle  and  the  sap  is  emptied 
into  it.  A  hot  fire  is  kept  up 
f^  under  the  kettle  and  the  sap  is 
boiled  down  until  it  forms  a 
thick  syrup  or  molasses. 

How  nice  the  syrup  tastes 
when  it  has  become  thick. 
When  the  syrup  has  boiled 
enough  it  is  emptied  into 
small  dishes.  As  soon  as  it 
is  cold  we  have  our  cakes  of 


HOME    GKOGUAPHY.  -jll 

maple  sug-cir.     This   siig;ar  is   better  than  candy  and 
more  healthful. 


QUESTIONS. 

From  what  three  thiiiL^'s  is  su<4ar  obtained? 

What  fruits  taste  sweet?      Do  tliese  contain  sn^^ar? 

Is  there  sui;ar  in  hone\' ?     Where  do  the  bees  i^et  the  honey? 

Wliat  i^  meant   by  c\-aporate  ?      B}'  crystallize? 

How  is  maple  su<4"ar  made? 

\\  here  is  suu'ar  cane  frrown  ? 


WHAT  THE  COW  FURNISHES   US. 


No  other  animal  is  so  useful  to  us  as  the  cow. 
We  ought  to  be  very  grateful  to  our  grandfathers 
who  so  long  ago  tamed  the  wild  cattle.  If  the  cattle 
had  not  been  tamed  they  would  all  have  been  killed. 
How  gentle  the  cow  looks.  She  is  not  afraid  of  us 
and  does  not  use  her  horns  to  hook  us. 

Let  us  see  what  the  cow  furnishes  us.  One  of 
the  most  important  things  is  milk.  Milk  contains 
everything  which  we  need  to  keep  us  alive  and  make 
us  grow. 

From  milk  we  get  butter  and  cheese.  When 
milk  stands  for  several  hours  the  cream  rises  to  the 
top  and  forms  a  thin  layer  over  the  milk.  The 
cream  was  at  first  scattered  all  through  the  milk  in 
the  form  of  tiny  globules. 

The  cream  is  skimmed  from  the  sunace  of  the 


218 


HOME  gk<)(;raimiv.  2  It) 

milk  and  placed  in  a  churn.  There  it  is  tumbled 
about  until  the  little  giobules  of  cream  ha\'e  united 
to  form  the  solid  mass  of  yellow  butter. 

Do  you  know  how  cheese  is  made?  The  milk 
is  first  curdled  by  putting  into  it  some  liquid  rennet. 
Rennet  is  the  name  given  to  a  preparation  made  from 
the  inner  coating  of  the  calf's  stomach.  The  curd  is 
separated  from  the  watery  part  of  the  milk,  which  is 
called  whey,  and  then  pressed  into  solid  cakes.  The 
curd  is  then  called  cheese. 

When  cattle  are  killed  nearly  all  the  parts  are 
used  for  some  purpose.  We  eat  the  meat  and  think 
it  very  good.  A  part  of  the  meat  is  eaten  fresh, 
other  parts  are  either  preserved  by  being  placed  in 
salt  water  called  brine  or  dried  in  the  open  air. 

The  skin  is  tanned  and  made  into  leather  for 
our  shoes.  The  hair  which  is  taken  off  the  skin  is 
also  saved.  It  is  mixed  in  the  mortar  with  which 
our  houses  are  plastered.  The  hair  helps  to  make 
the  mortar  stick  upon  the  walls. 

The  l)ones  are  first  burned  and  then  ground  t(^ 
a  fine  powder.  Bones  contain  substances  which 
plants  need  for  food.  Where  the  soil  does  not  con- 
tain enough  of  these  substances  the  bone  dust  is 
scattered  over  it.  Thus  the  plants  are  made  to  grow- 
stronger  and  larger. 

K\'en   the  hoofs   are  sa\'ed.      Tliex'  are   boiled    in 


220  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

water  and  glue  is  made  from  them.  The  horns  are 
not  thrown  away  but  are  made  into  a  number  of  things 
among  the  most  important  of  which  are  combs. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  uses  are  made  of  milk? 

What  other  animals  beside  the  cow  give  milk  for  our  use? 

What  is  curd  ? 

Describe  the  hoof  of  the  cow. 

Tell  about  some  of  the  different  ways  b}'  which  meat  is  preserved. 

For  what  is  glue  used? 

Mention  some  of  the  different  uses  of  leather. 

Why  do  the  cows  ha\'e  horns  ? 


TH]l    STORY    OF    THE    SILKWORM. 


A  silkworm  is  not  a  real  worm,  but  an  insect. 
True  worms  remain  worms  during.;'  the  whole  of  their 
life  history.  The  common  earthworm  which  \'ou  see 
upon  the  ^-rouncl  after  a  rain  is  a  real  worm. 

The  lite  history  of  an  insect  is  not  at  all  like 
that  of  a  worm.  Each  of  the  eg^^'s  of  an  insect 
hatches  into  a  little  \\()rm-like  animal,  or  caterpillai-. 
After  living  a  number  of  da\'s  the  caterpillar  changes 
into  a  pupa  or  chrysalis.  In  this  condition  it  has  a 
hard  case  and  is   helpless.      Now  it  undergoes  a  slow 


2-21 


222  HOME    (rP:()(^KAPHY. 

change  and  after  a  time  emerges  as  a  perfect  insect 
with  wings. 

Thus  we  see  that  the  insect  during  a  part  of  its 
life  looks  like  a  worm,  but  during  another  part  like 
a  very  different  creature. 

The  hairy  little  caterpillar  which  you 
one  day  watched  crawling  over  the  ground 
may  have  been  the  same  insect  which  at  a 
later  time,  as  a  pretty  butterfly,  you  chased 
over  the  meadows. 

Have  you  not  seen  the  prettily  marked 
cases,  from  one  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  hanging  from  a  board  or  limb?  If  you 
happen  to  find  one  at  just  the  right  time  you  will  see 
the  insect  break  the  case  and  come  out  a  perfect 
moth  or  butterfly. 

In  a  short  time  its  wings,  which  were  tightly 
folded  in  the  case,  will  be  expanded  and  it  will  fly 
away  through  the  air. 

This  butterfly  will  lay  eggs  which  will,  in  time, 
hatch  into  other  caterpillars.  Is  not  this  a  strange 
story  ? 

The  silkworm  came  from  China.  It  has  been 
known  there  for  hundreds  and  perhaps  thousands  of 
years.  It  is  now  raised  in  many  parts  of  the  world 
where  the  weather  is  not  too  cold. 

The  larva  or  young  insect  is  a  little  caterpillar. 


HOME    GEOGItAlMIY. 


223 


In  the  earlier  part  of  its  life  it  is  hairy,  but  as  it 
grows  it  loses  its  hair  and  looks  more  like  a  worm. 
This  is  the  reason  it  is  called  the  silkworm. 

The  caterpillars,  or  larvae,  are  given  all  they  can 
eat  of    the   soft  green    leaves  of   the   mulberry  tree. 


ScALT^- NA ruRAL  SIZE. 


W^here  silkworms  are  raised  many  such  trees  have  to 
be  cultivated  to  supply  the  necessary  amount  of  leaves. 
The  larvx^  are  alwavs  hun^rv  and  are  ver\'  orcat 
eaters.  During  their  gnnvth  they  shed  their  skins 
sc\'eral  times.  The  skin  does  not  grow  with  the 
body  of  the  caterpillar,  and  when  it  becomes  too  tight, 
it  cracks  and  comes  off,  a  new  one  ha\'ing  formed 
imdcr   it. 


224 


HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 


When  fully  grown  the  caterpillar  spins  a  cocoon 
of  silk  about  itself,  the  silk  being  taken  from  the 
lower  jaw. 

It  wTaps  itself  up  in  about 
one  thousand  yards  of  very 
fine  thread.  In  this  way  is 
formed  a  whitish  or  yellowish 
case  which  is  about  one  inch 
in  length.     In  this  case  snugly 

tucked  away,  the  insect  goes  to  sleep,  until  after 
having  undergone  a  slow  change,  he  awakes  as  a 
moth  and  bursts  the  cocoon. 

When  the  cocoons  are  to  be  used  for  their  silk, 
they  are  not  allowed  to  hatch.  At  a  certain  time  the 
insect  is  killed  and  the  silken  threads  are  un- 
wound.    This  work  is  done  by  the  aid  of  machinery. 

You  can  see  that  it  must  take  many  cocoons  to 
make  one  yard  of  silk  cloth.  The  different  colors  of 
the  silk  are  given  the  threads  before  they  are  woven 
into  cloth. 


HOME    GE()(iKAPllY. 


•22o 


QUESTIONS. 


How  docs   the  silkworm  differ  from  a  real  worm? 

Describe  the  appearance  of  a  caterpillar. 

What  is  the  cocoon?      What  is   the  chr}'salis? 

Mention  some  real  worms. 

What  is  nii'ant  b}'  larva?      I))'  moth? 

Mention  a  nnmber   of   insects. 

Have  }-ou  e\-er  seen  a  butterfl\'  emeri^c  from  the  chr\'salis? 

What  was  it  before  it  became  inclosed  in  the  chrx'salis? 

]\Iention  the  usc^s  of  the  mulberry  tree.      Does  it  bear  an\-  fruit? 

What  is  the  fruit  like? 

Do  all   insects  i\y'? 

Does  the  silkworm  ha\e  wint^s  after  emeri^ini::;'  from  the  cocoon? 

W  here  does  the  most  of  our  silk  come  from? 

Where  was  silk  first  made? 


THE    HOME    IN    THE    DESERT. 

My  home  is  in  the  desert.  Did  you  ever  see  a 
desert  ?     I  will  tell  you  about  it. 

The  desert  is  a  great  valley  where  it  seldom 
rains.  The  ground  is  almost  level  as  far  as  you  can 
see.  Mountains  lie  all  around  the  valley,  but  they 
are  ever  so  far  away. 

There  is  little  soil  in  the  desert.  For  miles 
and  miles  there  is  yellow  sand  and  gravel. 

In  the  middle  of  the  desert  where  the  ground  is 
lowest  the  sand  is  covered  by  something  white. 
What  can  this  white  substance  be?  It  is  not  snow, 
for  it  is  too  warm  here.  If  you  will  taste  a  little  of 
it  you  will  find  that  it  is  soda.  Perhaps  your  mother 
has  used  some  of  the  soda  from  this  desert  in 
making  bread. 

Father  helps  gather  the  soda.  This  is  the 
reason  we  live  in  the  desert.  Father  says  there  was 
once  a  time  when  it  rained  here.  Then  there  was  a 
lake  where  the  bed  of  soda  is  now.  l^he  soda  was 
dissolved  in  the  \\ater  just  as  sugar  is  dissolved  in 
your  tea.  When  the  water  of  the  lake  dried  up  the 
soda  was  left  upon   the  surface  of  the  desert.     The 


HOME    (}p:()GKAl'HY.  227 

water  went  off  in  the  thirsty  air,  but  the  soda,  like 
the  salt  in  the  ocean,  could  not  escape  in  this  way. 

It  is  very  hot  upon  the  desert.  We  are  sorry 
to  see  the  sun  come  up  and  g"lad  when  it  goes  down. 
Where  do  you  suppose  we  get  our  water?  We  need 
a  great  deal  to  drink  for  the  air  is  so  dry.  Men 
have  died  upon  this  desert  Ijccause  they  could  not 
find  water. 

Our  water  conies  in  an  iron  pipe.  If  you  will 
follow  the  pipe  for  many  miles  over  the  hot  sand 
you  will  at  last  come  to  the  mountains.  There  in  a 
canon  hidden  from  the  hot  sun  is  a  little  spring  of 
pure  water. 

How  the  wind  does  blow  sometimes  !  The  air 
is  then  so  full  of  dust  that  we  can  hardly  breathe. 
It  is  not  safe  to  <>o  far  from  the  house  when  a  dust 
storm  is  raging. 

It  is  \'ery  lonesome  here.  There  are  no  trees. 
Idiere  are  no  flowers  and  <''reen  ijfrass  to  tell  us  when 
spring  comes.  There  is  nothing  growing  in  tlie 
sand  l)ut  a  few  l{)\v  bushes.  These  are  called  grease- 
wood.  In  some  ])laces  there  are  ])unches  ot  cactr.ses. 
This  is  a  ([ueer  plant.  It  has  thick  stems  and  long 
liooked  thorns.  W^e  keep  as  tar  awa\'  from  it  as  we 
can. 

There  are  no  song  birds  hei'e.  The  most  com- 
nion  l)ir(l  is  the  road-runner.      1  le  is  a  stram-e  tcllow. 


228  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

He  has  long  legs  and  tail,  and  runs  swiftly  over  the 
desert. 

There  are  only  a  few  animals.  Of  course  we 
have  mice.  Besides  these  there  are  the  lizards  and 
horned  toads.  The  lizards  dart  over  the  sand  and 
are  out  of  sight  almost  before  we  can  get  a  look  at 
them.  They  appear  to  guide  themselves  by  their 
long  tails.  The  toads  have  little  horns  upon  their 
heads.  When  it  is  cold  they  bury  themselves  in  the 
sand.  The  warmer  it  becomes  during  the  long  days 
the  more  they  seem  to  like  it.  They  are  just  the 
color  of  the  sand. 

The  rattlesnakes  we  are  afraid  of.  They  are 
not  large,  but  very  quick  and  poisonous. 


^^f^-^j:-^  ^ .  ii:~\'if^. 


THE    HOME    BY   THE    OCEAN. 

Would  you  like  to  know  about  mv  home  by  the 
ocean  ?  We  live  in  a  very  pleasant  place.  We 
never  get  tired  of  playing  upon  the  beach  and 
watching   the   ships    sail   by. 

WHien  a  ship  first  comes  in  sight  we  can  see 
only  the  tops  of  the  sails.  These  grow  larger  and 
larger  and  at  last  the  whole  of  the  boat  comes  in 
sight.  If  we  climb  to  the  top  of  a  hill  we  can  see 
the  boat  much  sooner.  Our  teacher  says  that  we  see 
the  tops  of  the  boats  first  because  the  earth  is  round. 
Some  of  the  ships  come  from  the  other  side  ot  the 
world,  for  the  fishermen  once  took  us  out  to  one  and 
the  captain  let  us  see  the  sugar  and  oranges  and 
bananas  which    he    had    brought   thousands  ot    miles. 

The  water  in    the  ocean    l)ehavcs  \'cr\'  strani-elv. 


230  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

It  is  always  moving  up  or  down.  Twice  every  day 
it  rises  and  sometimes  we  are  afraid  that  it  will  flow 
over  the  land  where  our  home  is.  But  it  always 
stops  and   then  goes  down  again. 

This  rising  and  falling  of  the  water  the  fisher- 
men call  the  tide.  When  the  tide  is  out  it  is  great 
fun  to  climb  over  the  rocks  and  see  what  the  water 
has  left.  There  are  little  ponds  where  we  find 
strange  looking  fish,  bright  colored  sea-weeds,  shells, 
star-fish,  and  many  other  things. 

In  some  places  there  are  great  stretches  of  mud 
flats  when  the  tide  is  out.  There  we  find  different 
kinds  of  clams  buried  in  the  mud. 

When  the  wind  blows  hard  there  are  great 
waves.  They  break  with  such  force  upon  the  shore 
that  even  the  hard  rocks  are  worn  away.  They  are 
slowly  tearing  down  the  bank  in  front  of  our 
home.  Once  a  ship  was  blown  ashore  and  the 
waves  soon   broke  it  to  pieces. 

There  are  many  pretty  pebbles  upon  the  beach. 
They  have  been  worn  smooth  b\'  the  wa\'es  which 
are  alwaws   throwing  them  about. 

We  \\()ndcr  if  there  are  hills  and  valleys  beneath 
the  ocean  as  there  are  on  the  land.  The  fishermen 
say  that  in  most  places  the  bottom  of  the  ocean  is 
smooth.  There  are  no  Ijrooks  and  rix'ers  in  the 
ocean    to  dig  out  valle)\s  as   there  are  on  the   land. 


HOME  GEocKArnY.  2;;i 

We  have  learned  that  the  shore  of  the  ocean 
has  not  always  been  where  it  is  now.  At  the  foot 
of  the  hill  back  of  our  home  there  is  a  layer  of  shells 
like  those  in  the  ocean,  and  a  whole  bed  of  smooth 
pebbles. 

We  love  to  study  geography  because  we  have 
discovered  so  many  things  along  the  ocean  that  we 
have  read  about. 


THE    TIDES. 


"  As  once  I  played  beside  the  sea, 
Its  waters  gently  came  to  me, 
To  bring  me  sea  weed,  stones,  and  shells 
And  wash  the  sand  where  I  dig  wells. 

But  when  I  went  another  da}', 
The  waters  slowly  flowed  awa}', 
To  gather  shells  and  pebbles  more 
For  me  to  play  with,  on  the  shore." 


232 


HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 


WHERE    GO    THE    BOATS. 

Dark  brown  is  the  river, 

Golden  is  the  sand, 
It  flows  along  for  ever, 

With  trees  on  either  hand. 

Green  leaves  a-floating. 

Castles  of  the  foam. 
Boats  of  mine  a-boating  — 

WHiere  will  all  come  home? 

On  goes  the  river 

And  out  past  the  mill. 

Away  down  the  valley, 
Away  down  the  hill. 

Away  down  the  river, 

A  hundred  miles  or  more, 

Other  little  children 

Shall  brine  m\-  boats  ashore. 


Stevenson. 


A    PICTURE. 

WHAT    IS    A    MAP? 

We  have  before  us  a  picture  of  a  rockv  coast. 
The  picture  shows  what  we  would  see  if  A\e  visited 
the  place.  Can  you  uiention  the  different  forms  of 
land  and  water  in  the  picture? 

In  the  front  of  the  picture  there  is  a  high,  rock\- 
point  with  trees  up(^n  it.  Behind  the  point  and 
partly  hidden  you  can  see  a  deep  l)a\-.  The  ocean 
wa\'es  have  torn  away  the  land  behind  the  point  and 
are  still  making'  the  ba\'  lan-er. 

I'pon  the  farther  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  ba\' 
is  another  rocky  point.  Between  the  twc^  points  there 
are  two  hnv  rock\'  islands  o\'er  which  the  wa\'cs  dash. 


234  HOME    GEOGRAPHY. 

In  the  back  part  of  the  picture  there  are  hills. 
There  seems  to  be  an  opening  between  the  hills 
where  there  must  be  a  valley  with  a  river  flowing 
through  it  to  the  ocean. 

Our  picture  is  taken  from  the  top  of  a  hill. 
You  could  not  see  so  much  if  you  were  down  near 
the  level  of  the  water.  If  we  were  still  higher  in 
the  air  we  could  see  more  of  the  bay  and  get  a 
glimpse  of  the  river.  Such  a  view  we  might  call  a 
bird's  eye  view,  because  it  is  what  we  could  see  if  we 
w^ere  up  where  the  birds  go. 

If  we  could  go  up  very  high  in  a  balloon  and 
look  directly  down  upon  the  country  shown  in  the 
picture  it  would  look  quite  different  still.  Then  if 
we  took  a  pencil  and  tried  to  make  a  picture  of  what 
we  saw  we  should  draw  the  coast  line  with  its  bend- 
ings  in  and  out,  the  bays  and  rocky  points,  islands, 
and  the  river  flowing  to  the  ocean.  Our  picture 
shows  that  the  different  portions  of  the  land  vary  in 
height,  but  far  up  in  a  balloon  we  could  not  distin- 
guish the  height  of  things.  All  that  we  could  make 
out  clearly  would  be  their  outlines. 

Now  the  drawing  which  we  make  of  the  differ- 
ent forms  of  the  land  and  water  which  we  can  see 
looking  directlv  down  upon  them  is  called  a  map. 
Our  drawing  or  map  represents  the  earth  as  though 
it  were  flat.      Wc  cannot  tell  how  high   the  hills  or 


IIOMK    GKOGKAPHY. 


235 


the  cliffs  along  the  ocean  are.  We  can  tell,  however, 
that  in  one  place  the  land  is  smooth  and  in  another 
rough.  We  can  put  upon  our  map  then  some  shad- 
ing to  indicate  where  the  rcaigh,  hilly  places  are. 


'-^z  "Mnwv^-  "nnuw»-  ■•"nuu^>\,   ,''^>^'\'   ,' 


,«*•■■ 


MAR 


AW'  could  not  make  a  map  exactl\-  correct  while 
in  a  balloon.  To  make  a  correct  map  we  would  need 
to  take  a  measiu'ing  line  and  compass,  and  walk  all 
o\er  the  country  of  which  we  wanted  to  make  a  map. 
We  would  measure  the  position  and  direction  trom 
each  other  ot'  the  points,  the  islands,  the  ba\"  and  the 
ri\'er. 

\'ou  cannot  make  a  map  as  large  as  the  coiintr\' 


236  HOME   GEOGRAPHY. 

over  which  you  would  walk.  What  is  to  be  done? 
You  might  take  one  inch  upon  your  ruler  and  let  it 
represent  one  hundred  feet  of  distance  upon  the  land. 
Then  if  the  two  points  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  are 
five  hundred  feet  apart  you  will  lay  off  five  inches 
upon  your  paper. 

Maps  are  of  much  use  to  us.  They  represent 
different  portions  of  the  earth's  surface.  We  can 
look  upon  a  map  and  tell  what  there  is  in  a  certain 
place  without  having  to  go  to  that  place. 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


Children  of  the  Palm  Lands 


Life  and  Products  in  the  Hot  Countries 


H^^GllLBREN 

Trl  K/\LM 

ANPS 


By  ALICE  E.  ALLEN 

187  Pages.      Illustrated.     Cloth,  50  cents 

Book  after  book  has  appeared  introducing  our  children  to 
their  little  brothers  and  sisters  in  other  lands,  but  "  Children  of  the 
Palm  Lands"  easily  leads  them  all.  Miss  Allen,  the  author,  com- 
bines a  rich  imagination  to  conceive  the  life  conditions  in  other 
countries,  and  the  dramatic  touch  to  portray  them  as  living  scenes. 
The  original  verses  in  every  chapter  will  delight  the  little  folks  and 
feed  their  love  of  rhythm.  But  the  important  feature  that  differen- 
tiates this  book  from  all  others,  descriptive  of  foreign  life,  is  that 
the  story  part  is  interwoven  w  ilh  accurate  information  about  the 
well-known  fruits  of  the  hot-belt  countries,  and  one  will  always 
recall  the  other  to  memory  by  the  law  of  association.  It  is  the 
unique  plan  of  the  book  to  combine  geography  and  humanity 
together;  so  that,  for  instance,  when  tlie  children  shall  see  a 
banana  in  future,  it  shall  not  be  to  them  simjily  a  fruit  l)ought  at  a 
store,  but  they  will,  in  imagination,  sail  again  to  Jamaica,  see  a 
banana  plantation,  with  its  green,  feathery  trees,  fetl  the  Soft, 
tropical  air,  ard  see  the  jolly  little  black  baby  kicking  his  feet  in  the  pink 
lianana  blossoms,  or  sleepily  listening  to  the  crooning  song  of  the  dark -faced 
mother  who  has  been  helping  all  day  with  the  sugar-cane.  This  setting  of  the 
banana  in  its  native  land  is  in  the  mental  picture  gallery  of  the  child  forever. 

In  like  manner  the  various  spices,  dates,  cocoanuts,  etc.,  are  shown  in  their 
natural  surroundings,  and  always  are  present  the  people  of  the  country,  especially 
the  children. 

The  interest  of  the  book  is  fully  sustained  to  the  last  page  and  it  has  been 
proved  by  actual  school-room  tests  that  the  children  never  tire  of  it.  They 
revel  among  the  palm  trees  in  their  own  natural  way  and  never  dream  they  are 
learning  lessons.  Here,  then,  is  a  b<Jok  that  is  a 
boon  to  teachers,  mothers  and  to  everybody  who  has 
the  training  of  children. 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  Happy  will  they  be  if 
they  know  how  to  sail 
forth  witii  their  joyous 
crew  in  the  fancy  ship  to 
"  sunny  shores  where 
giant  palm  trees  grow, 
to  lovely  lazy  lands  with 
warm  winds  all  a-blow," 
and  forget  everything  else 
in  tlie  joy  of  discovery. 
The  book  is  particu- 
larly well  illustrated  with 
tro])ical  scenes  that  illu- 
minate the  text  like 
pictures  thrown  upon  a 
screen. 
—  Primary  Education. 


The  Children  of   the  Cold 


A  Charming:  Story  of  Children  in  Arctic  Regfions 
By  Lieut,  FREDERICK  SCHWATKA 

Fully  Illustrated.     Price,  ^1.25 

Bound  in  blue  and  silver,  with  a  cover 
stamp  flashing  white  and  golden  auroral 
streamers,  we  put  this  book  first,  before  reading 
it,  into  the  hands  of  a  three-year-old  girl-critic. 
She  pronounced  it  "  a  shiner,"  only  making  the 
mistake  of  calling  the  brave  explorer,  bonneted 
in  furs,  and  here  stamped  in  gilt,  "a  lovely 
lady."  The  dozens  of  pictures  have  the  merit 
of  being  correct,  as  they  were  drawn  from  life. 
Youngsters  and  oldsters  alike  will  be  set  straight 
as  to  details  of  Arctic  life,  otice  left  erroneously 
in  the  mind  by  romancing  artists  and  engravers. 
Especially  is  this  the  case  with  the  sledge  and 
dogs,  and  their  fashion  of  harness.  As  to  the 
games  and  sports  of  the  P^skimo  children,  none 
could  have  told  so  well  about  these  unless  he 
had  lived  as  the  lieutenant  aid,  inside  the  snow 
huts.  As  for  the  brown  babies  up  there  under 
the  Arctic  roof  of  the  world,  our  American 
must  have  dandled  them  often,  for  he  has 
caught  the  very  rhythm  of  their  lullabies.  We 
confess  to  becoming  a  child  again  as  we  read 
the  fifteen  chapters  of  his  book.  Any  child  six 
years  old  ought  to  enjoy  it.  The  blubber-loving  baby  pictured  before  us  is 
"  lioreas,"  and  his  house,  playthings,  companions,  candy,  work,  and  life,  from  the 
time  when  teeth  and  hair  are  lacking  until  they  are  lacking  again,  are  described  in 
easy  but  not  silly  language.     The  book  snaps  and  crackles  with  fun. —  Critic. 


In  the  Land  of  Cave  and  Cliff  Dwellers 


By  Lieut.  FREDERICK  SCHWATKA 

Fully  Illus,     Cloth.     Trice,  >1.25 

It  carries  the  reader  through  strange  and  sometimes  wild 
scenes  of  mixlcrn  life  in  New  Mexico,  Mexico,  and  kiniircd 
countries,  with  occasmnal  glimpses  at  tl;e  ancient  lilc  of 
those  places  described.  The  book  is  pictureS'jucly  illus- 
trated, and  full  tjf  information  valuable  to  the  student  ^f 
ancient  America  and  interesting  to  all  readers. 

—  r>roik!y>:  L  'i:nni. 

The  author  of  this  volume  has  combined  the  story  of  sev- 
eral expeditions  to  diU'crent  parts  of  Mexico,  into  a  continuous 
and  harmonious  narrative  in  which  much  curious  and  enter- 
taining information    is  given   about  a  neiglil)  ring  country. 

— .\'.    ]'.  0:scrzer^ 


Children  of  the  World 


Their  Homes,  Their  Schools,  Their  Playgrounds 

Fully  Illus.      254  pp.      Small  qto.      Cloth,  $1.00 

The  "  Children  of  the  World  "  will 
be  an  unfailing  delight  for  picture  study 
and  marvelous  story  l)ecause  of  the  great 
variety  of  national  life  and  the  unusual 
attention  given  to  the  details  of  the  every- 
day customs  of  strange  people.  The 
V)ook  is  literally  full  of  pictures  and  they 
open  up  the  life  of  the  people  as  if  we 
had  been  invited  to  enter  their  countries 
and  see  for  ourselves.  It  is  rare  that 
illustrations  mean  so  much  in  any  book 
as  in  this — they  are  original,  striking, 
and  almost  tell  the  stories  without  the 
text.  Particularly  will  the  games  and 
sports  of  these  all-over-the-world  children 
be  of  exciting  interest  to  American  boys 
and  girls,  for  "play"  is  the  "open  sesamt" 
to  every  childish  heart.  The  make-up  of 
the  hook  is  rich  and  artistic,  and  expense 
has  not  been  spared  in  giving  the  '-Chil- 
dren of  the  World  "  a  bcauiif  ul  setting. 
—  I'riinarv  J'.ducation. 


Story  of  Our  Planet 


By  T.  G.  BONNEY,  D.Sc.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.SA.,  F.G.S. 

Professor  of  Geology  in  University  College,  London;  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
and  lI<^norary  Canon  of  Manchester. 

I  Vol.,  large  8vo.     ^3.00 

With  six  colored  plates  and  mans  and  about  100  illustrations. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 
THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  staonped  below 

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